1. Chemical Exploration of Walnut (Juglans regia)
Jawameer Hama

3. Samples 12 types of kernel of walnut, five of kernels are shelled.
5 types of walnut oil

4. Extraction of Oil with n-Heptane
Flaked kernels of walnut (10 g) mixed with n-Heptane (50 ml x2) in a flask, stirred for 3 hours.
The solvent is filtered, then dried by (MgSO4).
Finally n-Heptane was removed by rotary evaporator, the product was golden yellow oil.

5. Result
Relative percentage % of oil, moisture and ash content

6. Unsaponifiables content
Profile of Walnut Oil
Components
Percentage ( % )
Free Fatty acid
Unsaponifiables content
Triglyceride

7. Trans-esterification of Oil
+ Glycerol
Transesterification of a triacylglycerol to its fatty acids butyl ester (FABE).
Palmitic acid butyl ester

8. GC-MS data
GC was used to analyse the FABE, which had been produced by trans-esterification.
In GC-TOF-MS, the column was OmegaWax.
Linoleic acid butyl ester (C18:2)
Palmitic acid butyl ester (C16:0)

9. GC-MS
Fatty acid butyl ester assignment and relative percentage (%) of individual fatty acids in walnut oil extracted from Kurdish walnuts by GC- TOF- MS
Fatty acids
Percentage (%)
m/z
C16:0
9.8 ± 0.8
312
C16: 1
0.1 ± 0.1
310
C18:0
2.7 ± 0.2
340
C18:1
18.4 ± 1.8
338
C18:2
51.3 ± 3.1
336
C18:3
17.2 ± 2.4
334
C20:0
0.3 ± 0.1
366
C20:1
0.2 ± 0.1
364

10. 1H-NMR of Crude Walnut Oil
Relative % of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated(MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by 1H-NMR
MUFA
13.5
PUFA
79.3
SFA
7.2
Glycerol

11. 13C- NMR of Crude Walnut Oil
C18 Terminal carbon
Olefinic region
C16 C1
Carbonyl
Glycerol

12. 13C- NMR of Olefinic Region
Linoleic acid C18:2
Eicosenoic acid C20:1 ∆11
Vaccenic acid C18:1 ∆11
Oleic acid C18:1 ∆9
Linolenic acid
C18:3

13. 13C- NMR of Crude Walnut OilFA %
C:16:0
2.7
C16:1
0.5
C18:0
0.6
C18:1 ∆ 9
12.6
C18:1 ∆ 11
1.1
C18:2
62.1
C18:3
19.8
C20:1
C18:2
C18:3
C18:1 ∆ 9
C16:0
C18:1 ∆ 11
C18:0
C20:1
C16:1

14. Total Phenolic Content in Defatted Kernel
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to find out total phenolic content.
Gallic acid was used as standard.

15. Total Phenolic Content (mg GAE/g) of Defatted Kernels of Walnut

16. Conclusions
More than half the weight of walnut kernels (41-64 %) is oil.
NMR analysis can be more precise and quicker for fatty acid analysis.
Defatted kernel contains high level of total phenolic content.

17. Thank you for listening
Acknowledgments
Kurdistan Region Government
Dr. Vera Thoss
Dr. Dave Preskett
Toby Vye
Thank you for listening