1. Menu Select the class required then click mouse key to view class.
Class 1: Angles
Class 2: Parallel lines and angles
Class 3: Quadrilaterals and types of triangles.
Class 4: Congruent triangles.
Class 5: Theorems 1- 4
Class 6: Theorems 5 & 6
Class 7: Theorem 7 and the three deductions.(Two classes is advised)
Class 8: Theorem 8
Class 9: Theorem 9
Class 10: Theorem 10
Select the class required then click
mouse key to view class.

2. Angles
An angle is formed when two lines meet. The size of the angle measures the amount of space between the lines. In the diagram the lines ba and bc are called the ‘arms’ of the angle, and the point ‘b’ at which they meet is called the ‘vertex’ of the angle. An angle is denoted by the symbol .An angle can be named in one of the three ways: a c b .
Amount of space
Angle

3. 1. Three letters a b c .
Using three letters, with the centre at the vertex. The angle is now referred to as :
abc or cba.

4. 2. A number c b . 1 a
Putting a number at the vertex of the angle. The angle is now referred to as 1.

5. 3. A capital letter b . B a c
Putting a capital letter at the vertex of the angle.
The angle is now referred to as B.

6. Measuring angles Right angle
A quarter of a revolution is called a right angle.
Therefore a right angle is 90.
We use the symbol to denote a right angle.
Straight angle
A half a revolution or two right angles makes a straight angle.
A straight angle is 180.

7. Acute, Obtuse and reflex Angles
Any angle that is less than 90 is called an acute angle.
An angle that is greater than 90 but less than 180 is called an obtuse angle.
An angle greater than 180 is called a reflex angle.

8. Angles on a straight lineB
Angles on a straight line add up to 180.
A + B = 180 .
Angles at a point A B D E C
Angles at a point add up to 360.
A+ B + C + D + E = 360

9. L intersects K at p written : L K = {p}
Pairs of lines:
Intersecting
Consider the lines L and K : . p L K
L intersects K at p written : L K = {p} 

10. Parallel lines never meet and are usually indicated by arrows.K
L is parallel to K
Written: LK
Parallel lines never meet and are usually indicated by arrows.
Parallel lines always remain the same distance apart.

11. Perpendicular L K L is perpendicular to K Written: L K
The symbol is placed where two lines meet to show that they are perpendicular

12. Now work on practical examples in your maths book.

13. From the above diagram:
Parallel lines and Angles A B C D
1.Vertically opposite angles
When two straight lines cross, four angles are formed. The two angles that are opposite each other are called vertically opposite angles. Thus a and b are vertically opposite angles. So also are the angles c and d.
From the above diagram:
A+ B = 180 …….. Straight angle
B + C = 180 ……... Straight angle
A + C = B + C ……… Now subtract c from both sides
A = B

14. The line L intersects each of these lines.
2. Corresponding Angles
The diagram below shows a line L and four other parallel lines intersecting it. L
The line L intersects each of these lines.
All the highlighted angles are in corresponding positions.
These angles are known as corresponding angles.
If you measure these angles you will find that they are all equal.

15. In the given diagram the line L intersects two parallel lines A and B
In the given diagram the line L intersects two parallel lines A and B. The highlighted angles are equal because they are corresponding angles.
The angles marked with are also corresponding angles . A B L .
Remember: When a third line intersects two parallel lines the corresponding angles are equal.

16. 3. Alternate angles
The diagram shows a line L intersecting two parallel lines A and B.
The highlighted angles are between the parallel lines and on alternate sides of the line L. These shaded angles are called alternate angles and are equal in size. Remember the Z shape. A B L

17. Now work on practical examples from your maths books.

18. Note: Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral sum to 180.
A quadrilateral is a four sided figure.
The four angles of a quadrilateral sum to 360.
b 
a 
c 
d 
a  + b  + c  + d  = 360
(This is because a quadrilateral can be divided up into two triangles.)
Note: Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral sum to 180.
a  + c  = 180
b  + d  = 180

19. The following are different types of Quadrilaterals

20. . .. Parallelogram 1. Opposite sides are parallel
2. Opposite sides are equal
3. Opposite angles are equal
4. Diagonals bisect each other .. .

21. .. . .. . Rhombus 1. Opposite sides are parallel
2. All sides are equal
3. Opposite angles are equal .. .
4. Diagonals bisect each other
5. Diagonal intersects at right angles
6. Diagonals bisect opposite angles .. .

22. 1. Opposite sides are parallel
Rectangle
2. Opposite sides are equal
1. Opposite sides are parallel
4. Diagonals are equal and bisect each other
3. All angles are right angles

23. 1. Opposite sides are parallel
Square
1. Opposite sides are parallel
2. All sides are equal
3. All angles are right angles
4. Diagonals are equal and bisect each other
5. Diagonals intersect at right angles
6. Diagonals bisect each angle .

24. Base angles are equal a = b
Types of Triangles
Isosceles Triangle . a b
Equilateral Triangle
3 equal sides
2 sides equal
3 equal angles
Base angles are equal a = b
Scalene triangle
(base angles are the angles opposite equal sides)
3 unequal sides
3 unequal angles

25. Now work on practical examples from your maths books.

26. Congruent triangles
Congruent means identical. Two triangles are said to be congruent if they have equal lengths of sides, equal angles, and equal areas. If placed on top of each other they would cover each other exactly. a b c x y z
abc
xyz
The symbol for congruence is For two triangles to be congruent (identical), the three sides and three angles of one triangle must be equal to the three sides and three angles of the other triangle. The following are the ‘ tests for congruency’.

27. Case 1 = SSS Three sides Three sides of one triangle
Three sides of the other triangle
SSS
Three sides

28. Case 2 = SAS (side, angle, side)
Two sides and the included angle of one triangle =
Two sides and the included angle of one triangle
SAS
(side, angle, side)

29. Case 3 = ASA (angle, side, angle)
Corresponding side and two angles of one triangle
One side and two angles of one triangle =
ASA
(angle, side, angle)

30. (Right angle, hypotenuse, side)
Case 4
A right angle, the hypotenuse and the other side of one triangle =
A right angle, the hypotenuse and the other side of one triangle
RHS
(Right angle, hypotenuse, side)

31. Now do practical examples on congruent triangles in your maths book.

32. Theorem: Vertically opposite angles are equal in measure.K 1 2
Given:
Intersecting lines L and K, with vertically opposite angles 1 and 2. 3
To prove :
1=2
Construction:
Label angle 3
Proof:
1+3=180
Straight angle
2+3=180
Straight angle
 1+3=3+2
.....Subtract 3 from both sides
 1=2
Q.E.D.

33. Theorem: The measure of the three angles of a triangle sum to 180.
Given:
The triangle abc with 1,2 and 3. a b c 1 2 3
To Prove:
1+2+3=180 4 5
Construction:
Draw a line through a, Parallel to bc. Label angles 4 and 5.
Proof:
1=4 and 2=5
Alternate angles
1+2+3=4+5+3
But 4+5+3=180
Straight angle
 1+2+3=180
Q.E.D.

34. Three angles in a triangle
Theorem: An exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the two interior opposite angles in measure. a b c 3 1 2 4
Given:
A triangle with interior opposite angles 1 and 2 and the exterior angle 3.
To prove:
1+ 2= 3
Construction:
Interior opposire
Label angle 4
Three angles in a triangle
Proof:
1+ 2+ 4=180
3+ 4=180
Straight angle
 1+ 2+ 4= 3+ 4
 1+ 2= 3
Q.E.D.

35. Theorem: If to sides of a triangle are equal in measure, then the angles opposite these sides are equal in measure. a b c 1 2 3 4 d
Given:
The triangle abc, with ab = ac and base angles 1 and 2.
To prove:
1 = 2
Construction:
Draw ad, the bisector of bac. Label angles 3 and 4.
Consider abd and acd:
Proof:
given
ab = ac
construction
3 = 4
common
ad = ad
abd acd 
SAS
Corresponding angles
 1 = 2
Q.E.D.

36. Now work on practical examples from your maths books.

37. Given: To prove: Construction:
Theorem: Opposite sides and opposite angles of a parallelgram are respectively equal in measure. a b c d 1 2 3 4
Given:
Parallelogram abcd
To prove:
ab = dc , ad = bc
abc = adc, bad = bcd
Construction:
Join a to c. Label angles 1,2,3 and 4.
Proof:
Consider abc and adc :
1= 2 and 3= 4
Alternate angles
common
ac = ac
abc adc 
ASA
 ab = dcand ad = bc
Corresponding sides
And abc = adc
Corresponding angles
Similarly, bad = bcd
Q.E.D.

38. Theorem:A diagonal bisects the area of a parallelogram.
Given:
Parallelogram abcd with diagonal [ac].
Area of abc = area of adc.
To prove:
Consider abc and adc:
Proof:
Opposite sides
ab = dc
Opposite sides
ad = bc
ac = ac
Common
abc adc 
SSS
area abc = area adc 
Q.E.D.

39. Now work on practical examples from your maths books.

40. Theorem: The measure of the angle at the centre of the circle is twice the measure of the angle at the circumference, standing on the same arc. a b c . o 1 2 3 4 5 d
Given:
Circle, centre o, containing points a, b and c.
To prove:
boc = 2 bac
Construction:
Join a to o and continue to d. Label angles 1,2,3,4 and 5.
Proof:
Consider aob:
1= 2 + 3
Exterior angle
But 2 = 3
Base angles in an isosceles
 1 = 2 2
Similarly, 5 = 2 4
 1+ 5 = 2 2 + 2 4
 1 + 5 = 2(2 + 4)
i.e boc = 2 bac
Q.E.D.

41. Deduction 1: All angles at the circumference on the same arc are equal in measure.b c d 3 1 2 . o
To prove:
bac = bdc
Proof:
3 = 2 1
Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the circumference (both on the arc bc)
3 = 2 2
Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the circumference (both on arc bc)
 2 1 = 2 2
 1 = 2
i.e. bac = bdc
Q.E.D.

42. Deduction 2: An angle subtended by a diameter at the circumference is a right angle.1 .
To prove:
bac = 90
2 = 2 1
Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the circumference (both on the arc bc) straight line.
Proof:
But 2 = 180
 2 1 = 180
 1 = 90
i.e. bac = 90
Q.E.D.

43. Deduction 3: The sum of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180.4 a b c d 3 2 1
To prove:
bad + bcd = 180
Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the circumference. (both on minor arc bd)
Proof:
3 = 2 1
4 = 2 2
Angle at the centre is twice the angle on the circumference. (Both on the major arc bd)
 3 + 4 = 2 1 + 2 2
But 3 + 4 = 360
Angles at a point
 2 1 + 2 2 = 360
 1 + 2 = 180
i.e. bad + bcd = 180
Q.E.D.

44. Now work on practical examples from your maths books.

45. Theorem: A line through the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.∟ . 1 2
Given:
Circle, centre c, a line L containing c, chord [ab], such that L ab and L ab = d.
To prove:
ad = bd
Construction:
Label right angles 1 and 2.
Proof:
Consider cda and cdb:
Given
1 = 2 = 90
Both radii
ca = cb
common
cd = cd
R H S
cda cdb 
Corresponding sides
ad = bd 
Q.E.D.

46. Now work on practical examples from your maths books.

47. Two triangles with equal angles.
Theorem: If two triangles are equiangular, the lengths of the corresponding sides are in proportion.
Given :
Two triangles with equal angles.
|df|
|ac| =
|de|
|ab|
|ef|
|bc|
To prove:
Construction:
On ab mark off ax equal in length to de. On ac mark off ay equal to df and label the angles 4 and 5. b a c d e f 2 1 3
Proof:
1 = 4
[xy] is parallel to [bc] x y 4 5
|ay|
|ac| =
|ax|
|ab|
As xy is parallel to bc.
|df|
|ac| =
|de|
|ab|
Similarly
|ef|
|bc|
Q.E.D.

48. Now work on practical examples from your maths books.

49. Theorem: In a right-angled triangle, the square of the length of the side opposite to the right angle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
To prove that angle 1 is 90º
Proof: c b a 1 2 3 4 5
3+ 4+ 5 = 180º ……Angles in a triangle
But 5 = 90º => 3+ 4 = 90º
=> 3+ 2 = 90º ……Since 2 = 4
Now 1+ 2+ 3 = 180º ……Straight line
=> 1 = 180º - ( 3+ 2 )
=> 1 = 180º - ( 90º )
……Since 3+ 2 already proved to be 90º
=> 1 = 90º
Q.E.D.

50. Now work on practical examples from your maths books.