1. Control program INSECT PEST ON TOMATO PLANT
Classification
Host and Distribution
Insect Pest
Damage and Symptom
Biology
Pest Management
Natural and Chemical
Koko Dwi Sutanto S.P

2. Abstract
Tomato plant Licopersicon esculentum (L.) Karst, is one of the most economic important vegetable crops in the world. Tomato has high nutrition. there is a good source of vitamins and other nutrients so can use for body healthy. Visser said that These vegetable crops also constitute a major component of our diet, providing fiber, vitamins, minerals and an array of phytonutrients that promote good health. Solanaceae are known to have a large positive impact on human healthy. Tomato ranks second only to eggplant in production area in the Philippines and fifth in Indonesia. The area of tomato crop in Blora regency in the year 2006 is 200 Ha, that produces tons. Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD), Indonesia. Tomato are as popular with pest and diseases, for example pest of whitefly, Aphid, Leaf miner, Stink bug, Fruit worm, Horn worm. The diseases is blight, leaf spot, wilt of Fusarium sp. (Thompson, 1983). We need control program of them, because pest and diseases can be reduce tomato production every time.

3. Classification Common name Tomato (Licopersicon esculentum (L.) Karst)
Scientific classification
Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom: Tracheobionta Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Subclass : Asteridae Order : Solanales Family : Solanaceae Genus : Solanum Species : S. lycopersicum Binomial name Solanum lycopersicum L. Synonyms Lycopersicon lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum

4. Distribution Distribution
Top Tomato Producers — 2005 (million tones)
China
Philippines
United States
Turkey
 EgyptS
 India
Indonesia
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)[4]

5. Insect Pest on Tomato Plant
Tomato fruit worm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner).
2. Aphids Myzus persicae
3. Whitefly Trialeurodes vaporarium; Bemissia tabaci
4. Stink bug Nezara viridula (Linnaeus)
5. Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel).
Vegetable leaf miner Liriomyza bryoniae
Armyworms Spodoptera spp.
Blister beetles
9. Thrips
Mites

6. Aphids Stink bug Nezara viridula (Linnaeus)
Whitefly - Trialeurodes vaporarium
Hornworms
Blister beetles
Fruit worm
Aphids Stink bug
Nezara viridula (Linnaeus)

7. Fruit worm Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Leafminers Liriomyza sativae
Cutworm
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel).
Vegetable Leaf Miner Liriomyza munda.

8. The Most Important of Insect Pest
Actually insect infestations in vegetable crop especially on the tomato plant can bring about heavy losses through: Reduce yields, Lowered quality of produce, Increased cost of production, need control program.
White fly
- White fly can resistant pesticide, reproduced is very high, host range very high, survival.
- White fly can transmit many harmful plant viruses.
- They also produce a sweet substance called honeydew (coveted by ants)
and black surface fungal growth called sooty mold, it will be effect to the plants.
- Infested plants become chlorotic.
Aphids
- Aphids feed on plant sap with sucking mouth parts, Intensive feeding may
result in reduced plant vigor.
- Aphids may also act as vectors of plant viruses, and may also introduce
toxins into the plant, resulting in growth deformations.
- Cause discoloration or mottling of the foliage
- Excrete honeydew on which sooty mold grows
- Can transmit plant viruses
- Easily move to the other plant

9. Tomato Fruit worm Helicoverpa armigera
- Make A small hole at the base of the fruit, effect to the quality of fruit
  - The inside of the fruit has a watery cavity that contains frass and decay.
  Tomatoes ripen early but are not usually marketable, this is not Advantage to
the farmer 
Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon
- Larvae in the soil by day and appear at night cutting off young plants near the ground
- Feeding on the foliage.
- Cutworms make injure on vegetable seedlings, prevent plant to growth
Stink bug Nezara viridula
- Stink bugs have piercing-sucking mouthparts with which they puncture
plant tissue and remove sap.
- The greatest damage results from feeding on fruiting structures.
- Stink bugs can also introduce bacteria and yeast, provide a site of entry for
disease organisms as they feed, resulting in fruit decay.
Vegetable leaf miner Liriomyza sativae
- Significant losses on fresh market tomatoes.
- Leaves injured by leaf miners drop prematurely
- Heavily infested plants may lose most of their leaves. If it occurs early in the fruiting
period, defoliation can reduce yield and fruit size.

10. Damage and Symptom Fruit worm Helicoverpa armigera
Stink bug Nezara viridula
Discoloration of fruit
caused by stink bug feeding.
Tomato fruit worm late instars larva.

11. Cutworm damage on tomato fruit
Vegetable Leaf Miner Liriomyza munda
Myzus persicae Sulzer. showing damage on leaves
Cutworm damage on tomato fruit

12. Biology and Economic Important
White fly
- Are small, winged insects that look like tiny moths.
- Which attack many types of plants.
- The flying adult stage prefers the underside of leaves to feed and breed.
- Whiteflies can multiply quickly as a female can lay up to 500 eggs in a life span.
- They produce a sweet substance called honeydew.
The life cycle of whitefly.
They have complete metamorphosis including :
- Egg-Nymph-Pupa-Adult
- Female lay pinpoint size, black egg.
- The egg hatch in 7 days, the larvae move over the leaves for 5 days

13. Aphids
- Majority of aphids show holocyclic life cycle, which is the alternation of a single
sexual generation and laying of hibernating eggs under adverse weather
by several asexual generations of parthenogenetic reproduction in spring and
summer during favourable periods
- In periods of parthenogenetic reproduction, host-alternating species can
produce phenotypes as different as fundatrigeniae, emigrants, unwinged
(apterous) and winged (alate) virginoparae, as well as alate males, alate
gynoparae and sexual females.
- A number of aphid species known by cosmopolitan distribution exhibit
Holocyclic and An holocyclic life cycles,
Holocyclic, consisting of single sexual generation on a primary woody host plant and several viviparous asexual generations on secondary herbaceous host plants.
Anholocyclic, on secondary host plants only.

14. - Cutworms are cosmopolitan in their distribution.
Fruit worms
- Life cycle: Eggs are deposited individually on leaf tissue and corn silks
and hatch in 3-4 days.
- Females can lay about 35 eggs per day with 500 their lifetime.
- Larvae can feed and develop on foliage, but preferentially feed on
fruiting structures.
- Older larvae are aggressive and cannibalistic, Larvae usually develop
through 5 or 6 instars in 14 to 21 days in field conditions.
Cut worms
- Cutworms are cosmopolitan in their distribution.
- Ordo Lepidoptera, Agrotis ipsilon species.
- Has complex metamorphosis including:
Egg - Cutworm eggs are white, usually laid singly or in small clusters.
Larva - larvae are dark gray to black, They are 38 to 45 mm long when
mature and the skin is covered with smooth black granules.
Pupa - Cutworm pupae are about 20 mm in length and dark brown or
mahogany in color.
Adult - Black cutworm moths have dark brown forewings, light-colored
hind wings, and a wing expanse of 38 to 51 mm
Stink bug (Nezara viridula)
- Stink bug leave on the underside of leaves and hatch in about 5 days.
- Develops through five instars in about 32 days.
- Females begin oviposition about
- Has not complex metamorphosis including: egg-nymph-adult

15. Vegetable Leaf miner
- A highly polyphagous insect.
- The larva lives by mining leaves and passes through 3 larval instars.
- Adults feed on flower nectar and liquids oozing from lesions on the leaves
- The larval phase of the cycle is very brief at optimum temperatures:
4 days at 30 C.
- Adults may live for 15 to 30 days, females living longer than males
- Development ceases at temperatures lower than 7.5 or 12.9C,depending
on the stage and the host plant; the optimum temperature is around 25 C;
above 30 C, larval mortality increases.

16. Design Control Program
White fly
Physic control:
- Remove infested plants away from non-infested plants
- Use a reflective mulch (aluminum foil) under plants (this repels
whiteflies).
- Use trap with yellow sticky cards, apply labeled pesticides
Biological control:
- Use natural enemies such as parasitic wasps
- Whitefly Parasitoid - Encarsia formosa
- Whitefly Parasitoid - Eretmocerus sp.
- Use Whitefly Predator - Delphastus pusillus
Encarsia formosa
Chemical:
- Use Insecticide
- Use pyriproxifen, buprofezin,
pymetrozine, acetamiprid.
Delphastus pusillus
Eretmocerus sp.

17. Aphids
Physic control:
- Remove infested plants away from non-infested plants
Biological control:
- Used Parasite to this aphid include Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson)
- Used Predation: Some of the predators include Chrysopa spp.
Chemical:
- Use Insecticide
- Use Endosulfan, Esfenvalerate, Methomyl
Endosulfan as the best choice for aphid control .

18. Fruit worms
Management of tomato fruit worm requires careful monitoring for eggs and small larvae
Biological control:
- Used Parasitic wasps, especially Trichograma spp, are important
natural enemies. Fruit worm eggs turn black when parasitized.
- Used the larval parasite Hyposoter exiguae, and predators such as
bigeyed bug, Chrysopa spp.
Chemical:
- Use Insecticide to control.
- Use Endosulfan, Esfenvalerate, Methomyl (Lannate),
Bacillus thuringiensis, azinphosmethyl (Guthion), carbaryl , and
Pyrethrin/Rotenone.

19. Cut worm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)
Physic control:
- sanitation
Biological control:
- Used Parasitic wasps (parasitoids) of the families Braconidae,
Eulophidae, and Pteromalidae are important in natural control
Chemical:
- Use Insecticide
- Use Endosulfan, Esfenvalerate, Methomyl

20. Design Control Program Pest on Tomato
By Natural enemies/Parasitoid
Common Pest on Tomato
Attack of Stage
Time of applied
Encarsia formosa
Eretmocerus sp.
Delphastus pusillus
Lysiphlebus testaceipes
Chrysopa spp.
Parasitic wasps Trichograma spp,
Hyposoter exiguae
predators, bug Chrysopa spp.
Egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis.
Podisus maculiventris
Parasitic wasps of the families Braconidae, Eulophidae, and
Pteromalidae
Trialeurodes vaporarium
Bemissia tabaci
Myzus persicae
Helicoverpa armigera
Nezara viridula
Agrotis ipsilon (Cutworm)
Egg and larva
E. formosa larvae
eat the parasitized nymphs emerge as adults (McMahon, 1992).
Nymph, adult
Larva
Egg
Early, when the whitefly low population.
Existence honeydew
(Succop, )
Early, when the aphid low population
When larva fruitworm attack the tomato fruit
Release parasitoid when egg of Nezara sp present
(Loch, 1999)

21. (Use alternative plant belong to class solanaceae)
By Cultural control
Sanitation
(clean the area, throw away the leaf there is nymph or larva of the whitefly, cutworm, fruit worm, aphid, stink bug).
Crop rotation
(Use alternative plant belong to class solanaceae)
Trialeurodes vaporarium
Bemissia tabaci
Myzus persicae
Helicoverpa armigera
Nezara viridula
Agrotis ipsilon (Cutworm)
Nymph/adult
Larva
Before planting and we estimate before the nymph become adult.

22. Pyriproxifen,buprofezin, pymetrozine, acetamiprid.
By Chemical control
Pyriproxifen,buprofezin,
pymetrozine, acetamiprid.
clothianidin, dinotefuran
Endosulfan,Esfenvalerate, Methomyl, Endosulfan.
Endosulfan,Esfenvalerate, Methomyl, Pyrethrin
Azinphosmethyl, carbaryl
Pesticide by
Bacillus thuringiensis
LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN
Phyretroid
(Vandekerhove, 2004)
Endosulfan,Esfenvalerate, Methomyl
Trialeurodes vaporarium
Bemmisia tabaci
(Whitefly).
Myzus persicae (Aphid)
Helicoverpa armigera
Nezara viridula
Agrotis ipsilon (Cutworm)
All stage especially the adult.
All aphid stage
Larva stage
Nymph and adult
Before active in spring when temperatures rise above 70° F. Each female deposits up to several hundred eggs
(Sorensen,1983)

23. Reference
Al-Abbadi, S.Y The Major Insect of economic Importance on Vegetable Crops and their Biology in alqasir districk. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 4 (10)
Al-dryhim., Y.N. and A.F khalil Biological Studies of Melon Aphid Aphis gossypii Glover on Squash under field Conditions. King Saud University. J. Agric. Sci
Jetter.K.M., Alston and Robert, The Case of Silverleaf Whitefly in California. University of California Agricultural Issues Center. Australia.
Martin.,N.A. Natural enemies of Whitefly and their Biology. Crop and Food research. New zeland.
McMahon RW, Lindquist, RR (1992) Comparison of biological and chemical control of greenhouse whitefly on poinsettia stock plants. HortTechnology 2(4):
Muñiz, M. G. Nombela, D. Alonso, and A. Gómez. Induced Plant Responses in the Bemisia tabaci-Tomato System. Fourth International Bemisia Workshop International Whitefly Genomics Workshop

24. Succop., B. The Parasitism of Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, by the Parasitic Wasp, Encarsia formosa: A Biological Control Method in Greenhouses.
Sorensen, K.A. and J.R. Baker Insects and related pests of vegetables. The North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service. Publication AG-295, 173 pp.
Vandekerhove., P. De Cclerq Effect of an encapsulated formulation of lamda-cyhalothrin on nezara viridula and its predator podius maculiventris (Heteroptera: pentatomidae). florida entomologist
Visser,. R. Suharsono., S. High Quality Solanaceous Vegetables by xploration of Natural Biodiversity (INDOSOL). Research Center for Natural Resources and Biotechnology   
Ware., G.W. and McCollum., J.P Producing Vegetable Crops. By the Interstate Printers & Publishers, Inc. America.

26. Thank You
Jazakallohu Khoir
Terimakasih