1. Why go digital?
Digital signal processing techniques are now so powerful that sometimes it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, for analogue signal processing to achieve similar performance.
Examples:
FIR filter with linear phase.
Adaptive filters.

2. Why go digital?
Analogue signal processing is achieved by using analogue components such as:
Resistors.
Capacitors.
Inductors.
The inherent tolerances associated with these components, temperature, voltage changes and mechanical vibrations can dramatically affect the effectiveness of the analogue circuitry.

3. Why go digital? With DSP it is easy to: Additionally DSP reduces:
Change applications.
Correct applications.
Update applications.
Additionally DSP reduces:
Noise susceptibility.
Chip count.
Development time.
Cost.
Power consumption.

4. Why NOT go digital?
High frequency signals cannot be processed digitally because of two reasons:
Analog to Digital Converters, ADC cannot work fast enough.
The application can be too complex to be performed in real-time.

5. Real-time processing
DSP processors have to perform tasks in real-time, so how do we define real-time?
The definition of real-time depends on the application.
Example: a 100-tap FIR filter is performed in real-time if the DSP can perform and complete the following operation between two samples:

6. Real-time processing
Waiting Time
Processing Time n
n+1
Sample Time
We can say that we have a real-time application if:
Waiting Time  0

7. Why do we need DSP’s?
Why not use a General Purpose Processor (GPP) such as a Pentium instead of a DSP?
What is the power consumption of a Pentium and a DSP processor?
What is the cost of a Pentium and a DSP processor?

8. Why do we need DSP processors?
Use a DSP processor when the following are required:
Cost saving.
Smaller size.
Low power consumption.
Processing of many “high” frequency signals in real-time.
Use a GPP processor when the following are required:
Large memory.
Advanced operating systems.

9. What Problem Are We Trying To Solve?
DSP
ADC x Y
DAC
Digital sampling of an analog signal: A t
Most DSP algorithms can be expressed with MAC:
count
i = 1
Y =  coeffi * xi
Over the next 20 slides, we want to provide an example to anchor the presentation and provide context. What better algorithm than the standard sum-of products. The question lead-in is “so, what problem are we trying to solve?” “The basics of DSP involve first sampling an analog signal and converting it to digital. What do we do then? Some type of algorithm to shape, modify, etc the signal. This is easily done in the digital realm. So, the time between samples is our limit to how fast we need to do the algorithm. What’s a typical algorithm look like - this! A simple sum-of products. Let’s look at a typical DSP algorithm and see how the processor is designed to handle it.
Spend about 1 minute on this slide. If the group is VERY new to DSP, you might embellish slightly on any areas you feel comfortable with. But remember, the focus is not WHY DSP, it is “assuming you know why you’d want to use this algorithm, let’s see how the processor is built to handle it”.
The lead-into the next slide is the Q shown on the slide. Also state that we plan to write the code for this algorithm and see how the architecture is designed to handle it efficiently.
for (i = 0; i < count; i++){ sum += c[i] * x[i]; }
OLD INFO

10. Typical DSP algorithms
The Sum of Products (SOP) is the key element in most DSP algorithms
DSP’s are optimized to perform multiplication and addition operations.
Multiplication and addition are done in hardware and in one cycle.

11. Sum of Products – Flow Chart
x[0]
x[1]
x[i]
x[i+1]
x[N-2]
x[N-1]
a[0]
a[1]
a[i]
a[i+1]
a[N-2]
a[N-1]
Initial Conditions:
*x points to x[0]
*a points to a[0]
Loop Counter = N-1
S=0
i≥0?
MPY
i=i-1
Add
Requirements:
Fast Multiply and Accumulate (MAC)
Pointer Update Mechanism
Loop Counter
Conditional Branch
Acc
Yes No Y

12. Floating vs. Fixed point processors
Applications which require:
High precision.
Wide dynamic range.
High signal-to-noise ratio.
Ease of use.
Need a floating point processor.
Drawback of floating point processors:
Higher power consumption.
Can be more expensive.
Can be slower than fixed-point counterparts and larger in size.

13. Floating vs. Fixed point processors
It is the application that dictates which device and platform to use in order to achieve optimum performance at a low cost.
For educational purposes, use the floating-point device (C6748) as it can support both fixed and floating point operations.

14. TI Embedded Processing Portfolio
Microcontrollers (MCUs)
ARM®-Based Processors
Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)
16-bit ultra-
low power
MCUs
32-bit real-time MCUs
32-bit ARM Cortex™-M3
MCUs
ARM
Cortex-A8
MPUs
DSP
DSP+ARM
Multi-core DSP
Ultra
Low power
DSP
C2000™
Delfino™
Piccolo™
C6000™
Stellaris®
ARM® Cortex™-M3
Sitara™
ARM® Cortex™-A8
& ARM9
C5000™
MSP430™
DaVinci™
video processors
C6000™
Integra™
300MHz to >1Ghz +Accelerator
Cache
RAM, ROM
USB, ENET, PCIe, SATA, SPI
Floating/Fixed Point
Video, Audio, Voice,
Security, Conferencing
$5.00 to $200.00
MMACS
Cache
RAM, ROM
SRIO, EMAC
DMA, PCIe
Telecom test & meas, media gateways, base stations
$40 to $200.00
Up to 300 MHz +Accelerator
Up to 320KB RAM Up to 128KB ROM
USB, ADC McBSP, SPI, I2C
Audio, Voice
Medical, Biometrics
$3.00 to $10.00
Up to 25 MHz
Flash 1 KB to 256 KB
Analog I/O, ADC LCD, USB, RF
Measurement, Sensing, General Purpose
$0.25 to $9.00
40MHz to
300 MHz
Flash, RAM
16 KB to 512 KB
PWM, ADC, CAN, SPI, I2C
Motor Control, Digital Power, Lighting, Ren. Enrgy
$1.50 to $20.00
Up to 100 MHz
Flash 8 KB to 256 KB
USB, ENET MAC+PHY CAN, ADC, PWM, SPI
Connectivity, Security, Motion Control, HMI, Industrial Automation
$1.00 to $8.00
300MHz to >1GHz
Cache, RAM, ROM
USB, CAN, PCIe, EMAC
Industrial computing, POS & portable data terminals
$5.00 to $20.00
Software & Dev. Tools
MPUs – Microprocessors 14 14 14 14

15. TI C6000 Processor Portfolio
DSP
DSP + ARM
DSP/ARM + Video
C645x
C641x
C674x
C642x
C672x
C671x
C6L138/OMAP-L138
C6L137/OMAP-L137
DM6467/T
OMAP3530/25
DM644x
DM3xx
DM643x
DM64x
Performance
DSP with focus on intensive Signal Processing
DSP with integrated Controller/Host Processing
Video and Imaging Processors
Power-efficient fixed/floating pt DSP devices; 38mW to 467mW
High-performance DSP devices; up to GHz
Excels at communications, industrial, military, medical, T&M and audio processing
Low power (38mW standby;
<520mW typical active) fixed
and floating point DSP with
ARM core
Ideal for industrial, audio
and communications apps
High performance multi-format video up to 1080p
Ideal for Video, Imaging and Vision applications
Featured Product 15 15 15

16. Design considerations:
TI’s C6000 DSP processors applications
Design considerations:
Applications such as:
Ease of programming shortens development time by weeks or months resulting in reduced time to market
Energy efficient DSP devices as low as 38mW standby, 467mW active power consumption
Floating point instructions for applications that require high precision, wide dynamic range
Connectivity peripherals for BOM cost reduction, including Ethernet MAC, UPP, SATA, USB, VPIF, etc.
Code compatibility across full line of C6000 DSPs – C64x, C64x+, C67x and C674x DSPs
Industrial/automotive temp support from -40 to 125 deg C
Medical imaging
Test and measurement
Military
Audio
Communications
Industrial

17. The C674x™ - floating/fixed point core
BINARY COMPATIBLE
100% upward object code compatible with C64x, C64x+, C67x and C67x+
Best of fixed point and floating point architecture for better system performance and faster time-to- market
BINARY COMPATIBLE
SPLOOP and 16bit Instructions for smaller code size
Flexible level one memory architecture
IDMA for rapid data transfers b/w local memories
2X registers
Enhanced floating point add capabilities
Audio-specific and mixed precision instructions
Native instructions for IEEE 754, SP & DP
Advanced VLIW architecture
Advanced fixed point instructions
Four 16-bit or eight 8-bit MACs
Two-level cache
FLOATING POINT VALUE
FIXED POINT VALUE 17

18. TMS320C674x Processors Industry’s Lowest Power Floating Point DSPs
Example Applications:
DSP Subsystem
SW Defined Radio
Intelligent Occupancy Sensors
Bar Code Scanners
Audio Effects
C674x DSP Core
LCD
Controller
uPP*
Video IN*
128KB
RAM
Benefits:
Switched Central Resource (SCR) / EDMA
Unique connectivity options
Fixed- and Floating-pt operations in single core
High system integration
Lowest power floating-pt DSP
Peripherals
Connectivity
System
WD Timer
SATA*
PWM (3)
UHPI
USB2.0 HS
USB 1.1
EMAC
Serial Interfaces
Program/Data Storage
mDDR/
DDR2/
SDRAM
16-bit
SPI
(2)
I2C
(2)
UART
(3)
Async
EMIF
16-bit
McASP
McBSP*
MMC/SD
(2) 18

19. Four new processors offer combinations of peripherals and memory
OMAP -
L138 •
Power protection
Target
Target •
Intelligent •
SDR
systems •
Audio effects •
Industrial automation
occupancy sensors •
Audio conf systems
applications
applications •
Audio mixers •
Barcode scanner •
Bar code scanner •
Portable data term
w/GUI •
Test & measurement
DSP
DSP
C674x DSP
C674x DSP
C674x DSP
C674x DSP
200 MHz
300 MHz
300 MHz
300 MHz
ARM
ARM9
300 MHz
PRU
2 x 150 MHz CPU
2 x 150 MHz CPU
2 x 150 MHz CPU
Memory
Memory
128 KB
320 KB
448 KB
488 KB
PWM
PWM
McASP
EMAC
EMAC
USB 2.0
EMAC
EMAC
USB 2.0
EMAC
EMAC
USB 2.0
Key
Key
SPI
SPI
UART
UART
MMC/SD
MMC/SD
USB 1.1
MMC/SD
USB 1.1
peripherals
peripherals
I2C
I2C
Video I/O
uPP
uPP
Video I/O
uPP
uPP
Video I/O
uPP
uPP
LCD
Ctr
SATA
SATA
LCD
Ctr
SATA /
Software & Pin
Software & Pin - -
for
for - -
Pin Compatible Across Family
Pin Compatible Across Family 19

20. Video/Display Subsystem Shared Central Resource (SCR)
The OMAP-L138 (DSP + ARM9)
Benefits
Real time signal performance of floating/fixed point DSP
ARM host processor to run high level OS and control
Customizable industrial interfaces through the programmable real time unit (PRU)
Security-boot enabled for customer software IP protection
Sample Applications
Portable Test and • Public Safety & Military Radio
Measurement • Power Protection Systems
Portable Medical Instruments
Software and Development Tools
Linux, WinCE, and drivers direct from TI
RTOS (QNX, Green Hills, etc) from partners
Free C6EZ Tools DSP Development software from TI
Power
Total Power 300MHz, 1.2V, 25C
Deep Sleep Power 1.2V, 25C
Schedule and Packaging
Samples: Now; Production: Now
Packaging:
- 16x16mm BGA (0.8mm pitch)
- 13x13mm, nFBGA (0.65mm pitch)
Available in industrial and extended temp
Software and Pin Compatibility
C6748/6/2 and AM1808/6/2
ARM
926EJ-S 375/456 MHz
C674x DSP
375/456 MHz
PRU Subsystem
Video/Display Subsystem
2 PRU
4K + 4K Prog
Data
GPIOs
LCD
Controller
16K/16K L1
32K/32K L1
Input x2
128KB
On-chip Memory
8K RAM
256KB L2
Output x2
Shared Central Resource (SCR)
Connectivity
Serial Interface
USB OTG w/ PHY
SPI x2
I2C x2
USB 1.1 w/ PHY
McASP
UART x3
10/100 EMAC
McBSP x2
SATA
Memory Interface
Timers
MMC/SD/SDIO x2
PWM x2
uPP
mDDR/DDR2
WDT
UHPI
NAND/Flash/
SDRAM(EMIFA)
eCAP x3
EDMA
GP x3

21. Shared Central Resource (SCR)
The TMS320C6748 (C674x DSP core)
SDR, Bar Code Scanner, Portable Data Terminals, Audio Conferencing, Gaming, Portable Medical
Core & Subsystems
C674x™ Floating/Fixed Point DSP – 375/456 MHz
2 Programmable Real Time Units (PRU) Subsystem
Memory
DSP: 32KB/32KB L1P/L1D; 256KB L2
Additional On-chip Memory: 128KB SRAM
External: DDR2/mDDR - 300MHz data rate
SDRAM - 100MHz data rate
Power
Total Power 300MHz, 1.2V, 25C
Deep Sleep Power 1.2V, 25C
RTOS Support and Software Development Tools
DPSBIOS and drivers from TI
Free C6EZFLO Graphical DSP Development software
tools from TI
Security
Secure ROM boot
128-bits device specific private key
Schedule and packaging
In Full Production Today; 1Ku price $14.40
Packaging:
- 16x16mm BGA (0.8mm pitch)
- 13x13mm, nFBGA (0.65mm pitch)
Software and Pin compatible with OMAP-L138 and
AM1808/6/2
C674x DSP
375/456 MHz
PRU Subsystem
Display Subsystem
2 PRU
4K + 4K Prog
Data
GPIOs
LCD
Controller
32K/32K L1
Input x2
128KB
On-chip Memory
256KB L2
Output x2
Shared Central Resource (SCR)
Connectivity
Serial Interface
USB OTG w/ PHY
SPI x2
I2C x2
USB 1.1 w/ PHY
McASP
UART x3
10/100 EMAC
McBSP x2
SATA
Memory Interface
Timers
MMC/SD/SDIO x2
PWM x2
uPP
Async EMIF
WDT
UHPI
mDDR/DDR2
eCAP x3
EDMA
Flash/SDRAM
GP x3
* Available in industrial and extended temp*

22. Sound/Music generation
C674x™ DSP Comparison Matrix
Power Use Models
(1) At room temperature (25 °C) with the core voltage (CVDD) set to 1.4V. 70% DSP CPU utilization (300 MHz); EMIF active at 50% utilization (100 MHz/16-bit); 25 MHz McBSP
(2) At room temperature (25 °C) with the core voltage (CVDD) set to 1.2V. 70% DSP CPU utilization (300 MHz); EMIF active at 50% utilization (100 MHz/16-bit); 25 MHz McASP; SPI at 50% utilization (10MHz)
(3) At room temperature (25 °C) with the core voltage (CVDD) set to 1.2V. 70% DSP CPU utilization (300 MHz); EMIFB active at 50% utilization (133 MHz/16-bit); 25 MHz McASP Receive; SPI master at 50% utilization (27MHz); GPIOs at 50 utilization (33MHz).
(4) At room temperature (25 °C) with the core voltage (CVDD) set to 1.2V. 70% DSP CPU utilization (300 MHz); DDR2/mDDR Controller active at 50% utilization (133 MHz/16-bit); 25 MHz McASP Receive; SPI master at 50% utilization (27MHz); GPIOs at 50 utilization (33MHz).
Software Compatible
Musical
Instruments & effects
Sound/Music generation
Typical Applications
Test
and measurement
Audio conferencing
Gaming

23. C6000 DSP Family CPU Roadmap
C66x
C674
C64x+
Fixed and Floating Point
Lower power
EDMA3
PRU
C64x
L1 RAM/Cache
Compact Instr’s
EDMA3
Fixed Point
Video/Imaging Enhanced
EDMA2
C621x
Available on the most recent releases
C67x+
In the beginning, TI developed the C6000 architecture which was born as a C engine using a VLIW architecture. The C62x was the first fixed-point device in this family. Soon thereafter, the C67x was developed and included a floating-pt core that could perform both fixed and floating point operations. After that, the fixed point and floating point devices evolved separately until they finally merged with the latest core, the C674. The C66x devices are multi-core offering up to 8 cores per device.
C671x
C62x
Floating Point
C67x

24. Flexible OMAPL138/C6748 eXperimenter for Teaching with Floating Point DSP
OMAPL138 incorporates C6748 Floating Point DSP Core plus ARM9 MPU
Teaching ROM & 2 Comprehensive Textbooks Available
-UNV eXperimenter Kit provides academics everything needed to get started teaching real-time DSP
Standard eXperimenter and EVM use same base board plus LCD module or touch screen & Linux software packages for projects using dual core capability
Getting started website for documentation, software and teaching materials:
TI Part Number
Description
Used For
TMDSEXPL138-UNV
OMAPL138 /C Experimenter Kit - University Version
Base eXperimenter board provides everything needed to teach and do projects using Real-Time DSP
TMDSEXPL138
OMAPL138/ C6748 Experimenter Kit
Standard eXperimenter provides touchscreen & linux SDK
TMDSEVML138
OMAPL138/ C6748 Evaluation Module
EVM provides base board plus user interface module and additional software

25. Textbook: Digital Signal Processing and Applications with the OMAP- L138 eXperimenter By Donald Reay
Strong history of teaching at university level and publication with TI C6000 & co-authored DSP and Applications second edition w/ Rulph Chassaing
Covers DSP concepts, extensive theory and real-time DSP practice for each example
Programming specific to OMAPL138/C6748 Experimenter Platforms
Companion site with source code, examples and programs
Contents include:
OMAP-L138 Development System
Analog I/O with the OMAP-L138 eXperimenter
FIR & IIR Filters
Fast Fourier Transform & Adaptive Filters
DSP/BIOS and Platform Support Package
Published March 2012, Wiley Publishing ISBN:
Author and Educator: Donald Reay

26. Textbook: Real-Time Digital Signal Processing from MATLAB® to C with the TMS320C6x DSPs By Welch, Wright and Morrow
Authors have extensive experience teaching at university level and also professor workshops
Fills gap between theory and practice using real-time DSP
Step by step framework demonstrates via MATLAB, winDSK8, C
Companion site with source code, examples and programs
Integrates solutions in the text and challenges in each chapter
Sections for classroom use or self learning
Sampling & Reconstruction, Filters – FIR, IIR, FFT, Frame based DSP, Digital Filters using Frames, FFT, more
Projects including: Guitar Special Effects, Graphic Equalizer, AM transmit & receive, LogicPD Experimenter kit, BPSK, QPSK, MPSK, more
Appendices: Code Composer Studio, DSP/BIOS, Architecture, more
Exercises use either OMAPL138/C6748 or 320C6713 DSP
Second Edition – Published December 2011,
CRC Press ISBN:
Authors & Educators: Thad Welch, Cameron Wright, Michael Morrow

27. For more information: TMS320C6748 Documentation: Tools:
TMS320C6748 Fixed/Floating-Point DSP Datasheet:
TMS320C6748 DSP Technical Reference Manual:
Tools:
Code Composer Studio v4:
Code Composer Studio v5:
OMAPL138 University Kit:
C6EZFLO Graphical Development Tool
Software included in SDK kit, additional software or upgrades for download
TI Wiki and Forum
C674x info -
C674X forums: 27