1. 8/13/2015 Memory RAK College of Dental Science VI Semester BDS 2011 Dr. Amal Jamal Shehata Associate Professor

2. Introduction Memory was the one of the first phenomena to be studied in a psychological laboratory (Ebbinghaus 1864). Without memory there would be no learning. The power to store experiences and to bring them into the field of consciousness after the experience occurred is called Memory.

3. Introduction To study memory,we should emphasizes cognitive a or mental process. Memory is one aspect of this cognitive processing. Memory Is the encoding,storage and retrieval of information.

4. Memorizing process Encoding Storage retrieval

5. Encoding process: Is a process of receiving sensory input and transforming it into a code that can be stored. Storage process: Is a process of putting the code information into memory. Retrieval process : Is a process of gaining access to the encoded stored information.

6. Stages of Memory Stage I : sensory memory. Stage II :short term memory. (STM) Stage III: long term memory. (LTM)

7. Types of memory Long term memory (LTM) Sensory memory (SM) Short term memory (STM) Iconic SM Echoic SM Episodic LTM Semantic LTM

8. Information-Processing Model of Memory Short-term memory Stimulus Sensory memory Long-term memory Encoding Retrieval

9. Sensory Memory Sensory memory is a basic form of storage, which retains very brief, literal copies of sensory information needed for short tem memory. Types of sensory memory  Iconic memory.  Echoic memory:

10. Iconic Memory  A momentary sensory memory of visual stimulus. (photographic or picture image memory).  Is form of sensory memory that holds visual information for almost quarter of a second or more.

11. Echoic Memory  A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimulus.  Sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds. It gives you time to recognize sounds as words.  Sensory memory gives decision time to decide if incoming information is interesting or important.

12.  Examples of sensory memory: You lose concentration in class during a lecture. Suddenly you hear a significant word and return your focus to the lecture. You should be able to remember what was said just before the key word since it is in your sensory register.

13. Short term memory (STM)  Information can be stored in memory at any one time.  It holds a relatively small amount of information about seven items for a short period of 15-30 seconds. The type of information stored consists of sounds, images, words, or sentences.  Information is lost from STM by being displaced by new inputs.

14. Short term memory (STM)  Information from STM may transferred to LTM through either maintenance or rehearsal. (Rehearsal of song you hearted or taking a notes from a lecture).  poor class notes result in poor encoding and poor recall on examination

15. Long term memory (LTM)  Memories that are stored in the brain according to series of complex linkages between language, meanings, emotions, images, and sounds  LTM has unlimited capacity to store information for days, months, years and even a life time.  Types of Long term memory A.Episodic LTM B.Semantic LTM

16. Episodic long term memory  Is the memory related to our personal affairs like name, qualification, date of birth and personal experience. Semantic long term memory  Is the memory related to our knowledge and information to the world. For example: 2+2=4, or earth is round and goes round the sun, contain meaning of words, and concepts.

17. Semantic Networks Red Fire Cherry Roses Fire Engine Apples House Green Flowers Daisies Yellow Orange Truc k Bus Ambulance Sunrise Sunsets Clouds Semantic LTM is not easily forgotten as the information is stored in a highly organized way.

18. CONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY One interesting aspect of memory is that we can believe we remember something that never actually happened. These types of “memories” are referred to as constructive memories.

19. Forgetting  Forgetting as the loss, permanent or temporary, of the ability to recall or recognize something learned earlier.  Many students complain that they do not remember the contents after attending the class or forget after reading the text. this is due to lack of attention. some information dose not reach STM from sensory register or due to inadequate encoding and rehearsal (information not transfer from STM to LTM ).

20. Forgetting Repression –There are times when we are unable to remember painful past events –While there is no laboratory evidence for this, case studies suggest that memories can be repressed for a number of years and recovered in therapy

21. AMNESIA –FORGETTING DURING SICKNESS  Amnesia refers to loss of memory due to disease. the person may forget his past experience or may have impaired ability to encode,store, and to retrieve making new memory difficult.  Amnesia is classified into two types:  A. Biological amnesias  B. Psychological amnesias

22. Biological Amnesia These are caused by brain malfunctions. Examples :  alcohol induced amnesia.  Decrease blood flow to the brain.  Heavy drinking produce brain damage.  Alzheimer’s disease.

23. Psychological Amnesia A.Dream amnesia : The difference between the symbol system in dreams and in waking makes the waking retrieval of any information encoded during dreaming difficult.

24. Psychological Amnesia B. Childhood Amnesia This curious phenomenon was first discussed by Freud (1905), who called it childhood amnesia. Freud discovered the phenomenon by observing that his patient were generally unable to recall events from their first 3-5 years of life.

25. MEMORY IN AMNESIA Amnesia may result from very different causes, including accidental injuries to the brain, strokes, alcoholism and surgical procedures. Whatever its cause, the primary symptom of amnesia is a profound inability to remember day-to- day events and hence to acquire new factual information. This is referred to as Anterograde amnesia, and it can be extensive. A secondary symptom of amnesia is Retrograde amnesia, which is inability to remember events that occurred prior to the injury or disease. The extent of such retrograde amnesia varies from one patient to another.

26. Improving Memory Methods for improving long-term memory:  Increasing the efficiency of encoding and retrieval.  Organization and Feedback.  Minimize interference.  Plan a study schedule.  Practice time{Distribute your studying over time}  Depth of processing{Spend ‘quality’ time studying}  Context reinstatement{Try to study in the same environment & mood in which you will be taking the exam}

28. summary  Psychologists today make 3 major distinctions about memory. The first concerns three stages of memory: encoding, storage and retrieval. The second deals with different memories for storing information for short time and long time. The third distinction is about different memories being used to store different kinds of information

29. summary Types of memory Sensory memory, short term memory & long term memory. Sensory memory is of two types : Iconic memory & Echoic memory. Methods for improving Encoding and Retrieval. Organization Feedback Minimize interference Plan a study schedule

30. Thanks