1. 1 Sean Raffuse, Dana Sullivan, Lyle Chinkin, Daniel Pryden, and Neil Wheeler Sonoma Technology, Inc. Petaluma, CA Sim Larkin and Robert Solomon U.S. Forest Service AirFire Team Seattle, WA Amber Soja National Institute of Aerospace Hampton, VA Presented at the Sixth Annual Community Modeling and Analysis System Conference October 1-3, 2007 Chapel Hill, NC Integration and Reconciliation of Satellite Detected and Incident Command Reported Wildfire Information in the BlueSky Smoke Modeling Framework STI-3227

2. 2 BlueSky Predicts cumulative smoke impacts from multiple fires. FIRE INFO WEATHER PREDICTIONS SMOKE TRAJECTORIES and CONCENTRATIONS BlueSky’s original application was to assist prescribed burners making “go/no go” decisions, but its uses and user base have grown. Fire location and size (acres) Fuel load (tons available) Consumption (tons burned) Emissions (lbs/hr) Dispersion ( μ g/m 3 )

3. 3 Fire Information Currently, wildfire location and size inputs are provided by Incident Command Summary reports (ICS-209). ICS-209 report data have limitations. Satellite fire detections from the NOAA Hazard Mapping System (HMS) are used to address these limitations. –Better coverage –Better spatial resolution –Daily information

4. 4 ICS-209 Reports

5. 5 Rangeland burns Smaller burns Burns outside U.S. HMS Detects More Burning than is Reported by ICS-209 Large Remote Burns

6. 6 Satellite data provide daily snapshots of burning locations ICS-209 Reports Include Only the Ignition Point

7. 7 For fire complexes, the ICS-209 location is not representative of the burn area 60 km Representing Fire Complexes

8. 8 7/16/306/286/23 6/24 6/257/4 ICS-209 reports provide an area that represents the cumulative area burned up to the report date. Reports are not always available for every day. Thus, the daily burned area information is not readily available. Currently, BlueSky uses 1/3 of the cumulative area reported in ICS-209s as its estimate of daily area burned. Other ICS-209 Characteristics

9. 9 Satellite data make up for some ICS-209 weaknesses. However, we do not want to abandon ICS-209 data. –Satellites miss fires too! Too small, low intensity, or short lived Clouds –ICS-209 contains useful metadata. Fuels Growth potential Name Goal: Use both HMS data and ICS-209 data as inputs to BlueSky. Problem: Cannot simply use both. Large fires are routinely reported by both data sets. Solution: Develop an algorithm to reconcile the two data sets into a single record of daily fire activity. Fire Reconciliation

10. 10 Challenges to Reconciliation Fires move: algorithm must know that this fire is the same as this fire. BlueSky needs ‘area burned’ input. Area burned (over 24 hours) must be inferred from 1-km pixels that the satellite determined to be “actively burning” when it flew over. Based on an initial correlation analysis from several large wildfires in the West, area burned is currently estimated as about 1.75 km 2 (400 acres) per pixel. This number is neither correct nor final.

11. 11 SMARTFIRE SMARTFIRE provides daily burn area data to BlueSky on a national scale. SMARTFIRE is a computational system for the operational reconciliation of fire information (e.g., ICS-209-reported, satellite-detected, and user- defined wildfires). SMARTFIRE compiles a database of fire progression information that can be mined to improve next-day burn predictions. The current predictions are based on persistence. Satellite Mapping Automatic Reanalysis Tool for Fire Incident Reconciliation

12. 12 SMARTFIRE Fire Event Development (1 of 2)

13. 13 SMARTFIRE Fire Event Development (2 of 2) Buffer

14. 14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 6/226/236/246/256/266/276/286/296/307/17/27/37/4 Acres (Thousands) Current BlueSky SMARTFIRE Daily Burn Estimate Evolution of Fire Envelopes with Time

15. 15 Georgia/Florida Wildfires Daily Area Burned Cumulative Area Burned

16. 16 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8/58/68/78/88/98/108/118/128/138/148/15 Acres (Thousands) BlueSky SMARTFIRE SMARTFIRE captures the initial fire growth followed by a long tail as fire dies. The previous BlueSky method (1/3 of current ICS-209 area) overestimates burning at the end of the fire. Subtraction of previous cumulative area burned from ICS-209 does not work because area burned is not updated daily and may even shrink. Temporal Improvements School Fire – Eastern WA Georgia/Florida Wildfires

17. 17 Wildfire Area Burned Estimates For the largest fires examined, SMARTFIRE final footprints match very well with final ICS-209 area estimates. SMARTFIRE tends to overestimate area burned for smaller wildfires. This relationship appears independent of ecosystem or fuel type. Wildfire Test Locations 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 1001,00010,000100,0001,000,000 ICS-209 Final Cumulative Area Burned (acres) SMARTFIRE Burned Footprint (acres)

18. 18 Smaller Fires ICS-209 report information is not available for many small fires. -Agricultural burns -Prescribed fires -Rangeland fires -Small wildfires For these fires, available data sets will be used to validate SMARTFIRE. The large-scale pattern of satellite detects matches fairly well with this single day of fires from a Florida fire database. Mismatches may be due to satellite false detects, satellite non-detects, or database errors.

19. 19 Key Findings So Far The addition of daily satellite data makes the temporal profile of area burned more realistic. For fires that are seen in both data sets, SMARTFIRE avoids double-counting (usually). SMARTFIRE’s burned footprint for large fires shows good agreement with other data. SMARTFIRE overestimates the burned area of small wildfires and has not been validated for smaller prescribed and agricultural burns. With the addition of satellite data, many more burn events are identified than the current system includes. Small fires not reported by ICS-209s Canadian and Mexican fires Large fires detected as several sections

20. 20 Current Status SMARTFIRE data are being delivered to the Pacific Northwest (PNW) via a web service for use in BlueSky smoke predictions. SMARTFIRE data are being used in a national, operational 36-km CMAQ model application (See Craig, et al.; Session 5, Tuesday at 3:40 p.m.) SMARTFIRE is being used to develop revised, historical wildfire emission inventories for USEPA. Pending further validation, testing, and refinement of algorithm parameters, SMARTFIRE products will be released to the Forest Service regional modeling centers and used in the national, operational 36-km BlueSky modeling system.