1. SEPTEMBER, 1939 – MAY, 1945

3. BASIC FACTS THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS MILITARY CAMPAIGN OF WWII (September 1939-May, 1945) WHERE? N.ATLANTIC S. ATLANTIC CARIBBEAN SEA GULF OF MEXICO WHO? AXIS: GERMAN KRIEGSMARINE (GERMAN NAVY ) ALLIES: ROYAL NAVY (U.K.) ROYAL NAVY (CANADA) U.S. NAVY WHAT? 100+ CONVOY BATTLES 1000 SINGLE-SHIP BATTLES

4. POLITICAL MAP OF THE WORLD

5. MAJOR PHASES -BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

6. MAJOR ADVANCES & WEAPONS GERMANS: U-BOATS (UNTERZEEBOOT): GERMAN SUBMARINES SURFACE RAIDERS: SURFACE SHIPS USED TO ATTACK CONVOYS POCKET BATTLESHIPS: SMALLER-SIZED BATTLESHIPS USED TO ATTACK CONVOYS ENIGMA MACHINES: MESSAGE ENCODING MACHINE SCHNORKEL: SUBMARINE-MOUNTED AIR /VENTILATION DEVICE ALLIES: DESTROYERS: SMALL, FAST, AGILE WARSHIPS USED FOR CONVOY ESCORTING AND SUBMARINE HUNTING A.S.D.I.C.: ALLIED SONAR DEPTH CHARGE: PRESSURE / DEPTH DETONATED UNDERWATER EXPLOSIVE ESCORT CARRIERS: SMALL-SIZED ARICRAFT CARRIERS USED FOR SUBMARINE HUNTING M.A.C. SHIPS: MERCHANT AIRCRAFT CARRIERS HF/DF (ALSO CALLED “HUFF-DUFF”): HIGH FREQUENCY DIRECTION FINDER (RADAR) HEDGEHOG: SHIP-MOUNTED UNDERWATER EXPLOSIVE MORTAR LEIGH-LIGHT: RADAR-GUIDED AERIAL SEARCH LIGHT B-24 LIBERATOR: LONG-RANGE U.S. BOMBER USED FOR SUBMARINE HUNTING

7. KEY INDIVIDUALS & STRATEGY GERMANS: GRAND ADMIRAL ERICH RADER: COMMANDER, KRIEGSMARINE VICE-ADMIRAL KARL DONITZ: COMMANDER OF U-BOATS ALLIES: U.K.: ADMIRAL SIR PERCY NOBLE ADMIRAL SIR MAX HORTON U.S: ADMIRAL ERNEST KING, COMMANDER, U.S. FLEET STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES: GERMANS: DISRUPT/CUT OFF SUPPLIES & SHIPPING THAT ALLOWED BRITAIN TO FIGHT FORCE BRITS. TO SIGN PEACE TREATY PREVENT SECOND FRONT ALLIES: KEEP ATLANTIC SHIPPING LANES OPEN KEEP BRITS. SUPPLIED U.S. WANTS TO KEEP BRITS. “ALIVE” UNTIL U.S. ENTERS WAR ELIMINATE GERMAN NAVAL THREAT BEFORE EVENTUAL INVASION OF EUROPE

8. THE NORTH ATLANTIC & MAJOR PORTS

9. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES STRENGTHS: AXIS: EXPERIENCED NAVAL CREWS GOOD NAVAL SHIP DESIGNS INITIATIVE / MOMENTUM AFTER GERMAN SUCCESS OF 1939 ALLIES: NUMBER OF SHIPS IMPROVING ANTI-SUBMARINE TECHNOLOGY (ex. A.S.D.I.C. sonar) AERIAL SUPREMACY AIRCRAFT CARRIERS WEAKNESSES: AXIS: LACK OF AERIAL COVER LACK OF SURFACE SHIPS ALLIES: DISTANCE OF VOYAGE SIZE OF CONVOYS VULNERABILITY OF MERCHANT SHIPS “AIR GAP” IN ATLANTIC

10. GRAND ADMIRAL ERICH RAEDER, COMMANDING OFFICER, KRIEGSMARINE

11. GRAND ADMIRAL ERICH RAEDER ON TIME COVER, 1940

12. VICE-ADMIRAL KARL DONITZ, KRIEGSMARINE COMMANDER OF U-BOATS

13. ADM. SIR JOHN TOVEY, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, HOME FLEET, ROYAL NAVY, 1941 – 43

14. ADMIRAL ERNEST J. KING, U.S.N. COMMANDER IN CHIEF, U.S. FLEET

15. WINSTON CHURCHILL, BRITISH P.M. ADMIRAL SIR PERCY NOBLE, R.N.

16. “WE SHALL FIGHT THEM ON THE BEACHES, WE SHALL FIGHT THEM ON THE SEAS…WE SHALL NEVER SURRENDER.”

18. ADMIRAL SIR PERCY NOBLE, ROYAL NAVY (U.K.) Commander, Western Approaches, 1941-43

19. ADMIRAL SIR MAX HORTON, ROYAL NAVY (U.K.), Commander, Western Approaches, 1943-45

20. ADMIRAL LEONARD MURRAY, ROYAL CANADIAN NAVY, COMMANDER, CANADIAN NORTHWEST ATLANTIC FLEET

21. REAR ADMIRAL ROYAL INGERSOLL, U.S. NAVY, COMMANDING OFFICER, ATLANTIC FLEET, 1941-44

22. FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 1933-45

24. FDR & CHURCHILL DURING WWII

27. WWII WAR BOND POSTERS

29. COURSE OF BATTLE INITIAL BASIC TACTICS (Sept.,’39 – May,’40) GERMANS: ATTACK MERCHANT SHIPS HOW? U-BOATS, SURFACE RAIDERS, PLANES, etc. WHY? U-BOAT FLEET IS SMALL AT FIRST ALSO MINE BRITISH PORT CITIES BRITISH: “CONVOY” SYSTEM CREATED ***“ESCORT” SHIPS USED TO PROTECT CONVOYS ***DEFINE “ESCORT”: SMALLER, FASTER NAVAL SHIPS USED TO HUNT / ATTACK SUBMARINES (EX.: “DESTROYERS”) PROBLEM: CHURCHILL WANTS MORE AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY RESULT? ANTI-SUBMARINE HUNTING GROUPS FORMED AIRCRAFT CARRIER GROUPS USED TO HUNT U-BOATS PROBLEM (again): U-BOATS TOO ELUSIVE FOR A.C. GROUPS ALLIED SONAR NOT ADVANCED ENOUGH YET

30. ALLIED ATLANTIC CONVOY

31. WWII ROYAL NAVY DESTROYER

32. WORLD WAR II DESTROYERS

33. WATCH DUTY, NORTH ATLANTIC CONVOY

36. U.S. EC2 TRANSPORT SHIP, a.k.a. “LIBERTY SHIP” DESIGN

37. THE ATLANTIC AIR GAP, MARCH – DECEMBER, 1941 GREEN: MAJOR CONVOY ROUTES BLUE: ALLIED SHIPS SUNK RED: U-BOATS SUNK

38. U.S. NAVY SB2U “VINDICATOR” DIVE BOMBER

41. GERMAN SUCCESS “THE HAPPY TIME”: JUNE, 1940-FEB., 1941 OCCUPATION OF FRANCE = DIRECT ACCESS TO ATLANTIC PORTS FOR KRIEGSMARINE EFFECT? U-BOAT RANGE INTO ATLANTIC INCREASES BRITS LOSE BIGGEST ALLY (AT THAT TIME) BRITS. HAVE TO DIVERT MORE FORCES TO MEDITERRANEAN SEA RESULT? FEWER SHIPS AVAILABLE FOR CONVOY ESCORT U-BOATS ATTACKS VERY SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLE: JUNE – OCT., 1940 = 270 ALLIED SHIPS SUNK WHY? GERMAN “WOLFPACK SYSTEM”

43. INTERIOR DESIGN-WWII SUBMARINE

45. CROSS-SECTION OF BASIC SUBMARINE

46. SUBMARINE DESIGN / CROSS- SECTION IN HIGHER DETAIL

47. BASIC SUBMERGING AND SURFACING PROCESS ON A SUBMARINE

48. THE WOLFPACK SYSTEM DEFINITION: MULTIPLE U-BOAT ATTACKS ON CONVOYS ORIGIN: GERMANS HAD DECYPHERED BRIT. NAVAL CODES MOVEMENT / LOCATION OF CONVOYS COULD BE MORE EASILY PREDICTED TACTIC: U-BOATS SPREAD OUT IN LINE ACROSS EXPECTED PATH OF CONVOY U-BOAT FIRST TO SIGHT CONVOY SIGNALS TO OTHER U- BOATS U-BOATS MOVE TO GATHER FOR ATTACK ATTACKS OFTEN MADE AT NIGHT RESULT? VERY SUCCESSFUL – BECOMES PRIMARY GERMAN ATTACK METHOD EX.: 9/21/40 – CONVOY HX 72 (42 MERCHANT SHIPS) ATTACKED BY 4 U-BOATS LOSSES = 11 SHIPS, 2 BADLY DAMAGED

49. NAUTICAL SPEED KEY AND COMPARISON CHART VESSEL TYPE NAUTICAL SPEED (Knotts) NAUTICAL SPEED (Miles Per Hour) WWII GERMAN U-BOAT (“Type VII” Boat – Surfaced) 17 Knotts20 MPH WWII GERMAN U-BOAT (“Type VII” Boat – Submerged) 7.6 Knotts9 MPH WWII DESTROYER – U.S. 35 Knotts40 MPH WWII DESTROYER – U.K. 34 Knotts39 MPH 2012 DESTROYER – U.S. (Guided Missile Ship – U.S.S. LABOON) “In Excess of 30 Knotts” “In Excess of” 35 MPH GERMAN BATTLESHIP “BISMARCK” – Sea Trials 30 Knotts34 MPH GERMAN BATTLESHIP “BISMARCK” – 1941 19 Knotts22 MPH

50. U-BOAT STARTING ATLANTIC PATROL

51. U-BOAT OFFICERS ON OBSERVATION DECK

52. WORLD WAR II GERMAN U-BOAT “SCHNORKEL”

57. BASIC WORLD WAR II TORPEDO DESIGN

58. WWII TORPEDO, U.S. NAVAL BASE, PEARL HARBOR, HAWAII, U.S.A.

60. TORPEDO STRIKE ON TARGET VESSEL

63. U-BOAT CREWMEN AFTER RETURN FROM LONG-RANGE PATROL

64. U-BOAT CREWMEN CELEBRATE SUCCESSFUL HUNT

65. GERMAN U-BOAT ACE, OTTO KRETSCHMER 47 SHIPS SUNK 274,333 TONS OF SHIPPING

66. U-BOAT “PENS”, La ROCHELLE, FRANCE

68. U-BOAT “REFITTING”, La ROCHELLE, FRANCE

69. GERMAN SURFACE SHIPS DEFINE: SURFACE SHIPS (naval and disguised merchant ships) USED TO ATTACK CONVOYS USED MOSTLY FROM LATE 1940 – EARLY 1942 NOMRALLY OPERATED IN GROUPS OF 2-3 TYPES OF SURFACE RAIDERS: “POCKET BATTLESHIPS” (smaller, less heavily armed naval versions of full-scale battleships) FULL SIZED BATTLESHIPS (ex. BATTLESHIP BISMARCK) ARMED MERCHANT SHIPS GERMAN BATTLESHIPS WERE BOTH FAST & HAD EXCELLENT NAVAL ARTILLERY (“GUNNERY”) EX.: BATTLE OF THE DENMARK STRAIT, May 1941 BISMARCK SINKS H.M.S. HOOD 1415 KIA ON H.M.S HOOD, 3 SURVIVORS SURFACE RAIDER THREAT EFFECTIVELY ENDS W/ SINKING OF BISMARCK, May 1941 2200 KIA ON BISMARCK, 100 P.O.W.

70. GERMAN POCKET BATTLESHIP GRAF SPEE

71. GERMAN SURFACE RAIDER

72. GERMAN BATTLESHIP BISMARCK

73. BATTLESHIP BISMARCK

75. THE HUNT FOR THE BISMARCK, MAY, 1941

76. BISMARCK FIRING SALVO AT H.M.S. HOOD, BATTLE OF THE DENMARK STRAIT MAY 24, 1941

77. STANDARD WWII NAVAL RANGE FINDER

78. ROYAL NAVY SAILORS USING RANGE FINDER, WORLD WAR II

79. ROYAL NAVY BATTLESHIP H.M.S. HOOD

80. H.M.S. HOOD, ROYAL NAVY (U.K.)

84. HMS HOOD(R) EXPLODES AFTER BEING HIT BY BISMARK’S SHELLS

88. ROYAL NAVY “SWORDFISH” TORPEDO PLANE

89. ROYAL NAVY “SWORDFISH” TOPRPEDO PLANES, FLEET AIR ARM

95. BATTLESHIP BISMARCK SINKING BY HER STERN, MAY 27, 1941

96. WRECKAGE OF BISMARCK ON FLOOR OF NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN

97. ALLIED ADVANCES SONAR: “A.S.D.I.C.” ALLIED SUBMARINE DETECTION INVESTIGATION COMMITTEE USED BY DESTROYERS TO FIX U-BOAT LOCATION BEFORE ATTACK BEGAN M.A.C.s: MERCHANT AIRCRAFT CARRIERS MERCHANT SHIPS CONVERTED INTO CATAPULT- LAUNCHING AIRCRAFT CARRIERS “HEDGEHOG”: SHIP-MOUNTED, MULTIPLE WARHEAD, ANTI-SUB MORTAR LAUNCHER “LEIGH-LIGHT”: AIRCRAFT-MOUNTED, RADAR OPERATED SEARCHLIGHT HF/DF (“HUFF-DUFF”) – HIGH FREQUENCY, DIRECTION FINDER; RADAR SYSYEM USED TO LOCATE U-BOATS

99. DEPTH CHARGE HEDGEHOG

103. DEPTH CHARGE ATTACK

104. ALLIED AERIAL ATTACK ON U-BOAT

105. B-24 “LIBERATOR” HEAVY BOMBER

111. LEIGH-LIGHT ATTACK ON U-BOAT

112. OPERATION DRUMBEAT JAN. – JUNE, 1942 WHAT? EXTENSION OF U-BOAT ATTACKS TO N. AMERICAN COAST & MED. SEA CAUSES? ALLIED SUCCESSES IN MID/LATE 1941 U.S. ENTERS WAR AFTER PEARL HARBOR ATTACK GERMANS HAVE TO CHANGE TACTICS RESULTS: GERMANS ATTACK U.S. COAST SUCCESS – MERCHANT SHIPS HEAVILY TARGETED 157,000 TONS OF SHIPPING SUNK U.S. FORCED TO USE CONVOYS W/ BRITS. & CANADA

113. ALLIES GAIN THE UPPER HAND WHY? IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY ALLOWS MORE ACCURATE ANTI-SUB. ATTACKS GROWING INVOLVEMENT OF… U.S. NAVY CANADIAN ROYAL NAVY U.S. ENTRY INTO WAR (& MILITARY POWER & SUPPLIES ) U-BOAT LOSSES INCREASE (ESPECIALLY AFTER MID-1942) “BLACK MAY”, MARCH – MAY, 1943 SERIES OF VISCIOUS BATTLES IN N. ATLANTIC MARCH – MAY = 70 U-BOATS SUNK DONITZ HALTS U-BOAT OPS. IN N. ATLANTIC BATTLE OF ATLANTIC IS NOW IN ALLIES FAVOR

114. ALLIES GAIN THE UPPER HAND “BLACK MAY”, MARCH-MAY, 1943 a. Series of battles in N. Atlantic b. 70 U-Boats Sunk c. Donitz halts U-Boat ops. in N. Atlantic d. Battle of the Atlantic is now in Allies favor INCREASE IN U-BOAT LOSSES THE GERMANS CAN’T REPLACE RESULTS? GERMANS FAIL TO STRANGLE SUPPLIES TO BRITAIN BRITAIN BECOMES FOCUS OF BUILD-UP FOR INVASION OF EUROPE 2-FRONT WAR WILL HAPPEN (AFTER GERMANS INVADE RUSSIA)

116. WORLD WAR II “ESCORT” CARRIER

118. U.S. NAVY ESCORT CARRIER (CVE) [note flight deck loaded w/aircraft]

119. AUGUST, 1942 – MAY, 1943

121. Grumman F-4-F Fighters on deck of U.S.S. Santee

122. GRUMMAN F-4-F “WILDCAT” FIGHTER,U.S.NAVY

124. GRUMMAN TBF “AVENGER” TORPEDDO PLANE, U.S.NAVY

125. TBF “AVENGERS” IN FORMATION AVENGERS IN CARRIER LAUNCH

128. U.S. NAVY PBY “CATALINA” SEAPLANE

129. ROYAL NAVY PBY “CATALINA”

133. GERMAN ENIGMA MACHINE

135. CASUALTIES & FINAL TOLL ALLIES: 30,248 KIA / LOST AT SEA** 3500 MERCHANT SHIPS SUNK 175 NAVAL SHIPS SUNK 14.5 MILLION TONS OF SUPPLIES LOST **SOME SOURCES CLAIM MUCH HIGHER TOTAL (50,000+) GERMANS: 25,870 KIA OUT OF TOTAL FORCE OF 40,900 5000 POW 696 U-BOATS SUNK / DESTROYED OUT OF TOTAL U-BOAT FORCE OF 830 CASUALTY RATE: HIGHEST CASUALTY RATE FOR ANY BRANCH OF ANY MILITARY FORCE OF ANY NATION IN WWII 63% FATAL 75% OVERALL

136. BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC: FACTORS IN ALLIED VICTORY ANGLO-AMERICAN COMBINED NAVIES U.S., U.K., CANADA LEND-LEASE ACT, 1941 $31 BILLION TO U.K. IMPROVED AIR COVER; ELIMINATION OF THE “AIR GAP” ALLIED CODE- BREAKING; ENIGMA CODE BROKEN IMPROVED ANTI- SUBMARINE WARFARE TECHNOLOGY & TACTICS

139. “THE ONLY THING THAT REALLY FRIGHTENED ME DURING THE WAR WAS THE U-BOAT PERIL…IT DID NOT TAKE THE FORM OF FLARING BATTLES AND GLITTERING ACHIEVEMENTS – IT MANIFESTED ITSELF THROUGH STATISTICS, DIAGRAMS, AND CURVES UNKNOWN TO THE NATION, AND INCOMPREHENSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC.” WINSTON CHURCHILL

140. DISCUSSION QUESTION WHAT WOULD HAVE BEEN THE EFFECT IF THE GERMANS, NOT THE ALLIES, HAD WON THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC?