1. Cutting the Green IT Hype: Fact vs. Fiction Kenneth G. Brill, Executive Director Uptime Institute Inc kgb@uptimeinstitute.org

2. Agenda What constitutes green IT? Innovative facilities ideas Direct current versus alternating current Water cooling versus air cooling Free cooling: Water versus air What is the business mission of IT? What constitutes green IT hype?

3. What Is Green IT? Energy and materials consumed in fabrication Products (paper, hardware, components) Data center building and site infrastructure Waste stream disposal Energy source sustainability Compute energy consumption Desktop and laptop (“beyond the data center”) Servers, storage, network (data center) Site infrastructure energy overhead Power + cooling

4. Data Center Energy Dashboard “As Found” Waste Best Practice Efficiency Energy Losses Data Center Energy Overhead Site Infrastructure Overhead Comput e IT Hardware “Plug” Load As Found Waste Idle Active Productive Output Hardware Overhead Best Practice

5. Energy Losses Data Center Energy Dashboard After a “Green Tune-up” Best Practice Efficiency Data Center Energy Overhead Site Infrastructure Overhead Comput e IT Hardware “Plug” Load Idle Active Productive Output Hardware Overhead Best Practice Increased IT asset utilization Increased energy efficiency per IT watt Increased use of IT and Facility Best Practices

6. Data Center Sustainability Is Determined By Zip Code Renewable energy sources (lowest GHG) Wind, solar, tide (each is interruptible, space/land intensive and can not be used for base load) Geothermal, hydro (mostly continuous) Non-renewable energy sources (lowest to highest GHG) Nuclear, natural gas, oil, coal Free-cooling: number of days depends on: Zip code Computer room temperature and relative humidity Beware: Higher temperatures do not necessarily save energy

7. “LEEDs” For Data Centers Leadership In Energy Efficient Design California Energy Commission is sponsoring development of Environmental Performance Criteria for data centers Shifts the awarding of potential points toward energy efficiency and away from bike racks Protocol voting this fall Current U.S. Green Buildings Council LEED ratings are meaningless for data centers Energy consumption 20-40x office buildings Few people relative to building size Outside air and windows are not necessarily good solutions for computer room cooling

8. Two Locations For Measuring Site Infrastructure Energy Performance At the data center utility meter (must include all forms of energy: electric, chilled water, steam, diesel, one-pass cooling) At the IT hardware plug (however, UPS output is easiest to measure and in most cases is much more accurate)

9. Site Infrastructure Energy Flow Energy Overhead = IN ÷ OUT Primary Switchgear Power Utility Engine Generator Plant UPS Battery UPS Powered Cooling Unit Fans UPS Powered Critical Pumps PDU Chillers Cooling Towers Pumps Cooling Units Misc. Loads Computer Equipment Critical Load IN OUT

10. Site Infrastructure Energy Overhead Ratio of energy into the data center versus what is delivered to IT hardware Overhead performance will depend upon: Zip code (weather and season) Equipment installed Site asset utilization Site infrastructure Tier level Implementation of best practices Green Grid calls this number PUE (under revision), but has resulted in many misleading marketing claims and growing industry confusion

11. Data Center Energy Sources Electricity Natural gas Diesel fuel Free cooling Other (steam, chilled water, one-pass cooling)

12. Energy Versus Power Energy is power over time Recommend using a 12 month moving average Peak power determines required sizing of component capacity

13. Site Infrastructure Energy Overhead Uncontrollable “as-built” factors affecting SIEO Greenness of site energy sources Site infrastructure design and component selection Tier level and uninterruptible cooling Weather and seasonal variation Controllable factors affecting SIEO Increasing IT load as percent of site capacity Cooling system optimization Utilizing free-cooling capabilities Implementation of best practices -- mainly cooling

14. Site Infrastructure Energy Overhead Typical Improvements Measure Site Infrastructure Energy Overhead Correctly implement cold/hot aisle (28 steps) Bypass airflow <10% (seal cable cutouts, install blanking plates, perf tile qty and location)

15. Site Infrastructure Energy Overhead Typical Improvements Right size cooling Repair degraded cooling units Correct cooling unit setpoints (eliminate dueling cooling units) Increase computer room IT intake temperature -- 77°F Turn off unneeded cooling Increase chilled water temperature Appropriately utilize free cooling Increase site capacity utilization

16. AC Vs. DC Power Flow Primary Switchgear Power Utility Engine Generator Plant UPS Battery UPS Powered Cooling Unit Fans UPS Powered Critical Pumps PDU Chillers Cooling Towers Pumps Cooling Units Misc. Loads Computer Equipment Critical Load

17. DC Power Improves Both Hardware And Site Infra. Overhead Efficiency Waste Best Practice Efficiency Energy Losses Data Center Energy Overhead Site Infrastructure Overhead Comput e IT Hardware “Plug” Load As Found Waste Idle Active Productive Output Hardware Overhead Best Practice

18. Direct Current Things To Consider IT Hardware Availability of hardware over life of site infrastructure Premium for hardware with DC input (5x to 8x product replacement vs. site infrastructure life Point of use DC vs. Data Center DC Voltage choices: 48 VDC vs. 750 VDC Code, fault protection and skills

19. Water vs. air for cooling Water is 3,400 times more efficient Water to hardware (mainframe cooling) Water to back door or ceiling units (load neutralization) Cooling

20. Simplified Computer Room Heat Movement

21. Computer Product Environmental Limits

22. High Density Cooling Solutions (continued) Liebert’s Vertical Top Cooler Supplemental System (up to 8 kW C per unit)

23. “Open the windows” vs. Air Side or Water Side Economizers Open vs. closed environment Relative humidity vs. reliability Energy cost of maintaining relative humidity in an open environment Particulates and contamination Impact of neighbors (fire, dust, contaminants) Open is an OpEx play only (i.e., must still have cooling CapEx for some portion of year) Free-Cooling Choices

24. Heat Movement Holistic View

25. Air-Cooled Condenser Or Dry Cooler Components include: Refrigerant or glycol coils reject heat to the atmosphere Fans Heat rejection capacity drops significantly on hot days

26. Cooling Tower -- Induced Draft Type Components include: Tower and fill Fan Basin to catch cooled condenser water Rejects most heat through water evaporation Fan rotation can be reversed for deicing

27. Cooling Tower -- Forced Draft Type Components include: Tower and fill Fan Basin to catch to cooled condenser water Rejects most heat through water evaporation Less appropriate for freezing climates

28. What Is The Mission Of IT? Business value vs. energy efficiency What will you get promoted/fired for? Saving energy? Causing downtime?

29. What Constitutes Green IT Hype? Reality Vs. Risk/Reward Balance Energy and materials consumed in fabrication Products (paper, hardware, components) Data center building and site infrastructure Waste stream disposal Energy source sustainability Compute energy consumption Desktop and laptop Servers, storage, network Site infrastructure energy overhead Direct Current Water vs. air cooling Free-cooling

30. Questions?