2.  Cannot be stored in body, needs to be replenished regularly  Promotes healthy cell development, normal tissue growth and repair, and helps in absorption of calcium.  Vitamin C is lost in foods easily, so it is best to eat fruits and vegetables in raw form  Scurvy -disease caused by lack of vitamin C  It’s an antioxidant, helps protect body against contaminants

3.  DCPIP(2,6 – dichlorophenol-indophenol) can be used as an indicator for ascorbic acid.  DCPIP turns clear when it is oxidized by the orange juice. When there is excess DCPIP, it no longer turns clear and dyes the sample purple.  1% DCPIP solution added to juice until color change occurred  The amount of DCPIP added was recorded  Taking into account the amount of vitamin C there should be in the juice based on daily value, the theoretical and actual values of Vitamin C were calculated

4.  Theoretical › Total volume of container › Amount of servings › 100% daily value › Volume of juice used  Experimental › 1% DCPIP solution › mL of DCPIP added, gives grams of DCPIP › 1:1 mol ratio

5. Theoretical: Theoretical grams of Vitamin C X Servings= grams vitamin C per bottle Fresh Squeezed Orange Juice: 0.124g X 2 servings=0.248g vitamin C per bottle Experimental: Total volume in bottle/volume added=theoretical grams vitamin C/grams vitamin C in sample Fresh Squeezed Orange Juice: 473mL/10.31mL=0.248g/x X=0.0055g

6. JuiceAverage (mL) Vitamin C Theoretical (g) Vitamin C Actual (g) Orange Juice Conc. (10 mL) 0.900.002540.00591 Orange Juice Freshly Squeezed (10 mL) 3.400.013100.02230 Grapefruit Juice Conc. (25 mL) 2.330.006300.01530 Grapefruit Juice Freshly Squeezed (25 mL) 2.530.009900.01660 JuiceAverage (mL) Vitamin C Theoretical (g) Vitamin C Actual (g) Orange Juice Conc. (10 mL) 0.900.002540.00591 Orange Juice Freshly Squeezed (10 mL) 3.400.013100.02230 Grapefruit Juice Conc. (25 mL) 2.330.006300.01530 Grapefruit Juice Freshly Squeezed (25 mL) 2.530.009900.01660

7.  In all juices, there was almost double the theoretical amount of vitamin C  Reason? › Companies want to make sure that they have at least the amount of vitamin C in their juice that they claim › Too much is not a bad thing

8.  25mL of juice samples were titrated with an iodine solution until the endpoint was reached. A 1% starch indicator was used as the indicator  The amount of vitamin C was calculated and compared based on daily values for each juice

9. Fresh Squeezed Orange Juice Trial OneTrial TwoTrial Three Total mL iodine added 10.41mL10.27mL10.24mL Grams of vitamin C 0.0055g0.0054g0.00537g Orange Juice from Concentrate Trial OneTrial TwoTrial Three Total mL iodine added 7.11mL7.19mL7.34mL Grams of vitamin C 0.00180g0.00182g0.00186g

10. Fresh Squeezed Grapefruit Juice Trial OneTrial TwoTrial Three Total mL iodine added 7.14mL7.24mL7.33mL Grams of vitamin C 0.00283g0.00287g0.00291g Grapefruit Juice from Concentrate Trial OneTrial TwoTrial Three Total mL iodine added 7.38mL7.11mL7.24mL Grams of vitamin C 0.00187g0.00181g0.00184g

11.  Fresh squeezed orange juice has the highest Vitamin C concentration  Fresh squeezed juices have a higher vitamin C concentration than juice from concentrate

12.  3 samples of each juice were titrated with standardized NaOH  pH level were measured each addition of NaOH  Calibration curve were made  pH calculated for each juice › Used the curve to estimate equivalence point › Another way: change in volume vs. pH

17. Orange Juice (Conc.) Orange Juice (Fresh Squeezed) E.P. (mL) pH Total Acidity E.P. (mL) pH Total Acidity Trial 123.268.00-23.508.25- Trial 223.608.40-22.508.10- Trial 323.407.50-22.807.82- Average23.427.970.0963M22.938.060.0943M Grapefruit Juice (Conc.) Grapefruit Juice (Fresh Squeezed) E.P. (mL) pH Total Acidity E.P. (mL) pH Total Acidity Trial 135.507.00-38.008.36- Trial 236.507.20-37.408.60- Trial 337.206.90-37.408.50- Average36.407.030.1497 M37.608.490.1546M

18.  Freshly squeezed juices had a higher pH than the juices from concentrate  Grapefruit juice more exaggerated relationship  Freshly squeezed juices are more acidic

19.  All experiments showed that freshly squeezed juices had more vitamin C  Two of three: orange juice had most

20. DCPIP JuiceAverage (mL) Vitamin C Theoretical (g) Vitamin C Actual (g) Orange Juice Conc. (10 mL)0.900.002540.00591 Orange Juice Freshly Squeezed (10 mL) 3.400.013100.02230 Grapefruit Juice Conc. (25 mL)2.330.006300.01530 Grapefruit Juice Freshly Squeezed (25 mL) 2.530.009900.01660 Iodine Titration JuiceAverage (mL) Vitamin C Theoretical (g) Vitamin C Actual (g) Orange Juice Conc.7.210.001800.001827 Orange Juice Freshly Squeezed10.310.00550.00542 Grapefruit Juice Conc.7.240.001870.00184 Grapefruit Juice Freshly Squeezed7.240.002830.00287

21.  http://www.fitnesshealthzone.com/vitamins- supplements/importance-of-vitamin-c/ http://www.fitnesshealthzone.com/vitamins- supplements/importance-of-vitamin-c/  http://www.practicalbiology.org/areas/advan ced/health-and-disease/whats-in-our- food/measuring-the-vitamin-c-content-of- foods-and-fruit-juices,53,EXP.html http://www.practicalbiology.org/areas/advan ced/health-and-disease/whats-in-our- food/measuring-the-vitamin-c-content-of- foods-and-fruit-juices,53,EXP.html  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorophenolind ophenol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorophenolind ophenol  http://www.google.com/#sclient=psy&hl=en& q=Determination+of+the+Total+Acidity+in+Ora nge+Juice&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&p bx=1&fp=fae64975a117d0cd http://www.google.com/#sclient=psy&hl=en& q=Determination+of+the+Total+Acidity+in+Ora nge+Juice&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&p bx=1&fp=fae64975a117d0cd