1. Technology and Global Trends
Chapter 2
Technology and Global Trends

2. Chapter Objectives Identify the Significant Global Change
Identify the Significant Technological Change
Impact of Technological Change on Society and economy

3. 1-Significant Global Change
Forces Examples
Nature of the workforce . More cultural diversity
. Increase in professionals
Technology . Faster and cheaper computer
. New mobile communication devices
Economic shocks . Rise and fall of stocks
. Decline in the value of the Dollar
. Surge in Oil Prices

4. Significant Global Change (count-)
Forces Examples
Competition . Global competitors
. Growth of e-commerce
Social trends . Retirement of Baby Boomers
. Increase interest in urban living
World politics . Opening of markets in China
. The war on terrorism following 9/11/01

5. 2-Significant Technological Trends
Electronic commerce – is commerce, but it is commerce accelerated and enhanced by information technology.
Telecommuting – the use of communications technologies to work in a place other than a central location.
Information Technology– the use of computer to store, process, analyst and design data and information.
Information Communication Technology– a combined of IT and Telecommunication.
Development of new materials – increasing competition with, and substitution of traditional materials generated from natural resources.

6. 3-The affect of Technological Change on Society
Technological change has been an important factor in economic growth, both in developed and developing countries.
We must also remember that it is through R&D efforts and technology transfer the firms will get technological change.
In this session our objectives will examine the affect of technologies change on society:
Economy
Productivity
Employment

7. affect of technological change on economic growth
Conventionally the rate of economic growth is defined as the rate of increase of GDP
Economists like Solow, Abbramowitz, Fabricant, and Denison and other have tries, in the USA to study, using very sophisticated statistical techniques the link between economic growth and technological change.

8. “Denison Study”, He concluded that between 1929 and 1957, in US, technological innovations accounted for 40% of economic growth.
Based on many such studies, there is evidence to believe that the introduction of technological innovation has had a significant affect on economic growth.
In fact, there is evidence to link the growth of the Japanese economy with increased R&D expenditure and decline in the US economy with decreased R&D spending.
Look at Singapore , Taiwan, Japan, S. Korea etc,.

9. Affect of technological change on Productivity
Economic society uses input factors of labor, capital and natural resources to produce outputs of goods and services to meet its needs. Technology is the means by which inputs are used to produce an output.
The productivity of a factor of production is defined as the ratio of the total output to the amount of that inputs used.
An important in the productivity of any one of the factors of production, it therefore,
Reduction in amount of that factor required to produce a fixed amount of output or
An increase in the amount of output that could be produced using a fixed amount of the input

10. Affect of technological change on Employment
The impact of technological change on employment has controversial
Two widely divergent views have been held regarding the impact of R&D outputs on employment
View 1 Technologies change eliminated jobs
View 2 Technologies change creates jobs
A third view is that both are correct depending on time horizon

11. If R&D is carried out to produce new production technology that makes labor more productive then fewer workers will be needed
Thus in the short run jobs are lose with all the associated social problem
If the higher labor productivity is translated into lower prices for the products then the demand for the products could increase and more labor will be needed to produce them

12. When productivity increases and sales increase due to lower prices for the products, profits become available for reinvestment.
This reinvestment could be used to create new jobs and new industries.
This could then absorb workers who have lost their jobs due to increases in labor productivity.
However, whether they can be absorbed or not would depend on whether they have necessary skills to accept the new jobs

13. Affect of technological change on corporate profitability and growth
The main objectives of bringing technological change in a firms are:
To support current businesses
To provide new business venture
To explore new technology bases
Technological change intended to support current businesses will have as objectives:
The extending of the product lifetimes of current products
Lowering the costs of production of current products
Creating new models of existing products

14. Technological Change which intended to provide new business ventures will have as its main objectives:
The creation of new product lines to enter new businesses
Technological change to explore new technology bases will have as its main objective
The deepening and broadening of the existing and potentially new technology bases of the company.
Putting it differently it simply means that firms have to introduce technology to:
Survive
Increase profit and
Growth

15. Example Transportation Cost cutting of JAL
The cargo division at Japan air line (JAL) has devised a new air cargo container which keeps fish alive, but in a state of suspended animation without seawater.
To keep fish alive at room temperature they must be transported in 20 times their own weight of seawater
However, using seawater has disadvantage due to its weight and corrosive properties

16. JAL has found that by chilling the seawater further makes the fish comatose and their demand for oxygen virtually drops to zero. Thus water can be dispensed with, and the fish flown more economically. This process is called “anabiosis”
JAL estimate that by this method a package of five sloe weighing 5 kg can be shipped USD 8.70 whereas the old method would have cost approximately USD 60.00
This new technology has great benefits for JAL, customers and fish producers close to Japan (Philippine and Vietnam)