1. University of Texas at El Paso College of Health Sciences School of Nursing

2. Objectives: 1. ID purposes & essential elements of nsg theories
2. Differentiate terms: concept, conceptual framework, conceptual model, & theory
3. Compare selected theories of nsg. in terms of Pt., environment, health & nursing.
4. Describe relationship of Nsg. Theory to nsg. Process & nsg. Research

3. Purposes of Nsg. Theories & Conceptual frameworks
Practice
Education
Research
TRIANGULATION between the three is essential

4. What is a metaparadigm? Meta = change
Paradigm= world wide view (Webster’s, 1983)

5. What is a concept?
A mental image that has emotional, cognitive, spiritual and cultural dimensions
A conceptual framework is a group of related concepts
A conceptual model is a graphic illustration of the relationships between concepts

6. What is the major distinction between a theory & conceptual framework?
Level of abstraction
Conceptual framework is more abstract than the theory
Conceptual model is a diagram with its major purpose being to give clear & explicit direction to nsg. Practice, education & research

7. CONCEPTUAL TERMS 1. Conceptual framework 2. Conceptual model
3. Theory = system of ideas that is proposed to explain a given phenomenon Grand Nursing Theories
Middle Range Nursing Theories

8. Metaparadigm of Nursing
Metaparadigm of Nursing is composed of 4 concepts
Person
Environment
Health
Nursing

9. SELECTED GRAND NSG. THEORIES (11)
Nightingale (1860)
Peplau (1952)
Henderson (1966)
Martha Rogers (1970)
Orem (1971)
King (1971)
Neuman (1972)
Sister Roy (1970)
Leininger (1985)
Watson (1979)
Parse (1981)

10. Nightingale’s Environmental Theory
First Nurse Theorist
Nursing = “act of utilizing environment of patient to assist him in his recovery” (Kozier, 2000)
Primary Concepts = Environmental factors (5)
Pure air
Pure Water
Efficient drainage
Cleanliness
Direct sunlight

11. Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Model
Psychiatric nurse
Concept = therapeutic relationship between nurse & client
Nurse-Client Relationship Phases (4)
Orientation
Identification
Exploitation
Resolution

12. Henderson’s definition of nursing
Formulated unique definition of nursing in relation to both well & will individuals
Major step in differentiating nursing from medicine
Fundamental needs of sick or well individuals (14);
1. Biophysical needs
2. Psychological needs
3. Spiritual needs
4. Social needs

13. Roger’s Science of Unitary Human Beings
Draws from many scientific disciplines
Major concepts:
Unitary man with 5 characteristics Human energy fields= non contact therapeutic touch
Differentiates whole from holistic

14. Orem’s General Theory of Nursing
Major concepts (5)
Self-care
Self-care agency
Self-care requisites
Therapeutic self-care demand
Nursing systems
Assumptions (3)
Universal requisites
Developmental requisites
Health deviation requisites

15. King’s Goal Attainment theory
Based on systems theory & behavioral sciences
Major concepts
Personal systems
Interpersonal systems
Social systems
Transactions
Assumptions (3)
All related to transactions

16. Neuman’s Systems Model
Community health nurse& clinical psychologist
Major concept = STRESS
Reconstitution = state of adaptation to stressors
Lines of resistance
Normal line of defense
Flexible line of defense
Stress categories: intrapersonal, interpersonal, extrapersonal
Assumptions (3)

17. Roy’s Adaptation Model
Major concept = adaptation = process & outcome whereby thinking & feeling person uses conscious awareness & choice to create human & environmental integration
Modes (4)
Physiologic mode
Self-concept mode
Role function mode
Interdependence mode

18. Leininger’s Cultural Care Diversity & Universality Theory
Anthropologist
Care- essence of nsg. & dominant, distinctive & unifying feature of nsg.
Major concepts = culture, culture care, culture care diversity, culture care universality, generic care, professional care, sunrise model
Intervention modes (3): Preservation, accommodation, restructuring

19. Watson’s Human Caring Theory
Major Concept = caring
Assumptions (11)
Carative Factors (10)
Interpersonal relationship
Use of scientific process
Addresses clinician’s self

20. Parse’s Human Becoming Theory
Concepts (3)
Meaning; Nurse & true presence; Pt. Is authority figure
Rhythmicity
Co-transcendence
Assumptions (3)
Human becoming & meaning
Human becoming & rhythmic patterns
Human becoming co-transcending

21. Relationship of theories to Nursing Process
1. Assessing
2. Diagnosing
3. Planning
4. Implementing
5. Evaluating

22. SUMMARY Terminology common to theory discussion
Nursing Grand Theories (11)
Relationship between theory & nursing practice