2. Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a given time and place, with respect to variables such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity and direction, barometric pressure, cloud cover
Climate: The meteorological conditions, including temperature, precipitation, and wind, that characteristically prevail in a particular region over extended periods of time.

3. Solar Energy affects weather and climate patterns
Earth must be in equilibrium: not growing significantly warmer or cooler
Heat is transferred from surplus to deficit: equator to poles

5. Albedo Effect

6. How is heat transferred?? Through Air and Water Circulation
Easterlies
(from the east)
Westerlies
(from the west)
60°N
Northeast
tradewinds
30°N
(Doldrums)
equator
Southeast
tradewinds
30°S
Westerlies
60°S
Easterlies
Initial pattern of
air circulation
Deflections in the
paths of air flow
near the earth’s surface 
Animation
Fig. 6.6b, p. 125
Fig. 6.8, p. 126

7. Pressure Gradients

8. What is wind and why does it occur?
A horizontal movement of air
Vertical movements are currents or updrafts and downdrafts

9. Isobars: Predict Direction and Intensity of Wind

10. Top View

14. The Coriolis effect deflects winds and ocean currents: To the right in the northern hemisphere To the left in the southern hemisphere (animation) Friction slows surface wind speed and weakens the Coriolis effect

15. Global Wind Patterns

17. Tropical deciduous forest
Cold,
dry air
falls
Moist air rises — rain
Ferrell Cell
Cool, dry
air falls
Moist
air rises,
cools, and
releases
moisture
as rain
Cold, dry
Polar cap
Arctic tundra
60°
30° 0°
Evergreen
coniferous forest
Temperate deciduous
forest and grassland
Desert
Tropical deciduous
forest
Equator
Tropical
rain forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Polar Cell
Moist air rises — rain
Ferrell Cell
Hadley Cell
Hadley Cell
Ferrell Cell
Polar Cell

19. ENSO = El Nino Southern Oscillation
Normal trade winds blow from east to west and cause upwellings, nutrient rich bottom water is pushed to surface.
ENSO reverses the direction of the trade winds (now from W E) which depresses upwellings.
Occurs every 3-7 yrs and can last from 8-14 months. (Can seriously disrupt ecosystems if lasting longer than a year!)
*La Nina ( NOAA advisory)
Thermocline – zone of gradual temperature change separating warm and cold water. Animation

20. Fronts
- the boundary between two air masses with different temperatures and densities.
Dramatic changes in weather occur along a front

21. Warm Front
The boundary between an advancing warm air masses and the cooler one its replacing
produces many layers of clouds at different altitudes
leads to rainfall and days of cloudy skies
Warm air = always rises, less dense than cold air

23. Cold Front The leading edge of an advancing mass of cold air
produces thunderheads
leads to high surface winds and T-storms
cooler temperatures and clear skies

25. Weather Extremes
Violent storms called tornadoes (form over land) and tropical cyclones (form over warm ocean waters)
Tropical cyclones are hurricanes in the Atlantic and typhoons in the Pacific Ocean
Changes in barometric pressure with storms

26. Tornados

31. Devices
Meteorologists use devices such as weather balloons, aircraft, ships, radar, and satellites to obtain data on variables such as atmospheric pressure, precipitation, temperature, wind speeds, and locations of air masses and fronts
data is used to create weather maps

32. Climate Average long term weather of an area
Seasonal variations and weather extremes averaged over a long period (at least 30 years)
2 Main factors
temperature
amount and distribution of precipitation
Climate

33. 5 Major factors that influence climate:
the average weather patterns for an area
Over a long period of time
(30 - 1,000,000 years). is
It is determined by
Average Precipitation
Average Temperature
and
which are influenced by
latitude
altitude
ocean currents
and affects
where people live
how people live
what they
grow and eat
5 Major factors that influence climate:
Average Temperature – Polar, Temperate, tropical
Average Precipitation – dry to very wet; determines small vegetation to large trees
Uneven heating of the Earth’s surface – latitude/ altitude cause pressure gradients
Seasons – Earth’s rotation
Properties of water and air – pressure, heating abilities

34. WORLD CLIMATES

35. WORLD ECOSYSTEMS

36. LARGE CORRELATION

37. Seasonal Changes
Occur because the earth’s axis is tilted. This creates opposite seasons in the northern and southern hemisphere
which is a factor that determines global air circulation patterns
Animation adjust latitude for location; Pembroke Pines,
~26o N

39. (sun aims directly at equator)
Seasons
Fall
(sun aims directly at equator)
Summer
(northern hemisphere
tilts toward sun)
Spring
(sun aims directly
at equator)
23.5
Winter
tilts away from sun)
Solar
radiation
Fig. 6.5, p. 124