1. A Few Marine Facts Ocean is 2/3 of land surface
Coastal areas: 5% of land surface
80% of total global productivity
Global population: 60% within 100 km of ocean

2. A Few Marine Facts
Highly integrated marine communities: very sensitive!
Largest animals that ever lived are in the ocean!

3. A Few Marine Facts Origin of life, atmospheric oxygen
Major buffer and cause to geosphere, atmosphere, and
biosphere changes

4. Ancient and Historical Perspectives
Human origins in African RIFT VALLEY:
ocean in the making
Later…Egypt
Egypt: pharoah Ti: puffer fish is poisonous

5. Ancient and Historical Perspectives
Ancient Greece
Resources: shipping,
transportation, food
Organisms:
art, medicine,
science, folklore
Sea ports are important!

6. Ancient and Historical Perspectives
Romans: continuation
of Greek perspectives
0f the ocean
Also: Murex gastropods,
expansion

7. Ancient and Historical Perspectives
1st Invasion, N America:
Across Bering Strait 12KY
To tip of S America by 10KY
Resources, folklore
Trade with Europe?
Earlier presence in S America?
Indopacific migrations
Wa’a kaulua

8. Ancient and Historical Perspectives
Asia
Japan, China
Indonesia
India
trade, food,
folklore, art
Seaports also
important

9. Ancient and Historical Perspectives
Middle Ages
Cosmas, 6th century
Map: flat earth
10Kkm X 20Kkm
Vikings
Iceland
Greenland
Vinland:
Leif Eriksson, 995
Minnesota?

10. Ancient and Historical Perspectives
Columbus and the 3rd North American Invasion:

11. History of Marine Science
James Cook
southern ocean maps
’68-’79
chronometer
scurvy

12. History of Marine Science
Ben Franklin and nephew Timothy Folger
Mail delivery times
and the Gulf Stream:
1777 map

13. History of Marine Science
Matthew Fountaine Maury
International Meteorological Conference in Brussels, 1853
The Physical Geography of the Sea 1855

14. History of Marine Science
Darwin on the HMS Beagle
1843: The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs

15. History of Marine Science
John Ross, James Clark Ross, and Edward Forbes,
early 1800’s
Marine organisms and vertical zonation

16. History of Marine Science
The Challenger Expedition: Dec 1872
C. Wyville Thompson and 6 other scientists
1. Deep sea conditions
2. Vertical chemical zonation
3. Sea Floor study
4. Life in the ocean

17. History of Marine Science
Alexander Agassiz
Opposed Darwin, Carl Chun
Dredging
Funding sources

18. History of Marine Science
Victor Henson
“Plankton” and fish populations
Fridjof Nansen and the Arctic Sea
 V. Walfrid Eckman

19. Marine Science, 20th century
Scripps Institute, Woods-Hole, and Lamont-Doherty
Meteor voyage and ocean circulation
World War 2
DSDP and ODP
ROVs and AUVs
Underwater habitats
Remote Sensing

20. Humans and the Ocean
Food -- fisheries and aquaculture

21. Humans and the Ocean
Food -- fisheries and aquaculture

22. Humans and the Ocean Food -- fisheries and aquaculture
Employment: industrial,
commercial, scientific,
recreational
Transportation, shipping
Minerals
Petroleum
Livelihood
Recreation
Coastal residence
Pet trade
Other: atmospheric and climate buffer
most of world primary productivity
origin of life, atmosphere as we know it

23. Humans and the Ocean
Other: atmospheric and climate buffer

24. Humans and the Ocean Other: atmospheric and climate buffer
most of world primary productivity

25. Humans and the Ocean Other: atmospheric and climate buffer
most of world primary productivity
origin of life, atmosphere as we know it

26. Ocean and Life Ocean chemistry: the soup of Life
Early prokaryote organisms, photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria, microbial mats, stromatolites
Oxygen into the oceans
Early evidence: Red beds, iron ores
Oxygen saturation in oceans
Diversification of marine life
Organisms move on land
Land plants: more oxygen
Feedback loop

27. The Livable Earth Why is liquid water necessary for life?
Mars, moon has water; also other planets, moons
Water necessary for:
origin of life, life maintenance
climate, temperature buffer
dynamics of sedimentology, rock recycling
…what else?