1. All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com
Protein Synthesis & Mutations
All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com

2. Scientists

3. Who discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and was awarded the Nobel Prize?

4. Watson & Crick

5. Who used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like?

6. Rosalind Franklin

7. Who actually found DNA is the “factor” that caused good bacteria to change into bad bacteria?

8. Avery
Remember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA

9. Who used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic material being transferred was DNA?
Bacteriophage
(Virus)
Bacteria Cell

10. Real Picture of a Bacteriophage
Hershey & Chase Bacteriophages chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and replication.
Real Picture of a Bacteriophage

11. Who tried to find the genetic material but failed
Who tried to find the genetic material but failed? Instead he found TRANSFORMATION.
This scientist injected mice with killed disease causing bacteria and good, live bacteria and the mice died of pneumonia.

12. Griffith F for failing to find genetic material! F for finding:
TRANSFORMATION
Griffith F for failing to find genetic material! F for finding:
He found that good bacteria are changed into bad bacteria with transfer of some “factor.”

13. What is this rule called?
Who found:
% of Adenine = % Thymine
% Cytosine = % Guanine
What is this rule called?

14. Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING!
CHARGAFF
Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING!

15. DNA Structure

16. Empty slide to keep flashcards in order

17. 1. What does DNA stand for. 2. What is its shape. 3
1. What does DNA stand for ? 2. What is its shape? 3. What is its function? 4. What sugar is in DNA? 5. Where is it found in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

18. 1. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid 2. Double Helix 3
1. DeoxyriboNucleic Acid 2. Double Helix 3. Carries the genetic code to make proteins (amino acid chain) 4. Deoxyribose sugar 5. Eukaryotes=nucleus Prokaryotes=cytoplasm

19. What specific structures carry the genetic code in the nucleus?

20. Chromosomes

21. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide1 3 2

22. 1. Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose) 3
1. Phosphate Group Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose) 3. Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, or G) 1 3 2

23. Why is DNA Replication important?

24. Cell Division Must have 2 identical strands of DNA Each has
one original strand
and
one new strand
Cell Division

25. List the steps of DNA replication:

26. Original double helix unzips/unwinds
DNA Polymerase attaches to make new strand of DNA
2 New strands of DNA are created with complimentary nitrogen bases (A-T, C-G)
Two identical double helix DNAs are formed each with
one original strand and
one new strand

27. An original strand of DNA has these nitrogen bases C G G T A T G A T What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication? What holds the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”?

28. C G G T A T G A T original strand G C C A T A C T A new strand
l l l l l l l l l
G C C A T A C T A new strand
Hydrogen Bonds

29. What is this protein called that DNA wraps around to coil up?

30. Histone

31. List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences
DNA
RNA
Similarities
Both are Nucleic Acids
Sugar Phosphate Backbones
A, C, G Nitrogen Bases
Differences
Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar
Thymine Uracil
Double Helix Single Strand

32. List Similarities and Differences
DNA
RNA
Similarities
Both are Nucleic Acids
Sugar Phosphate Backbones
A, C, G nitrogen Bases
Differences
Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar
Thymine base Uracil base
Double Helix Single Strand

33. Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab
Be able to explain the following:
Why did you use soap?
Why did you use salt?
Why did you use meat tenderizer
Why did you use cold alcohol?

34. Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab
You aren’t going to get the answers that easy!

35. RNA

36. Empty slide to keep flashcards in order

37. Name the 3 different types of RNA and what do each do.

38. mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins from DNA to ribosome (recipe) tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (Sous chef) rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (ribosome) makes the protein (chef)

39. RNA
1. What does RNA stand for ? 2. How many different kinds are there? 3. What is its function? 4. What sugar is in RNA? 5. Where is RNA found?

40. 1. What does RNA stand for. Ribonucleic Acid 2
1. What does RNA stand for ? Ribonucleic Acid 2. How many different kinds are there? 3: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA 3. What is RNA’s function? To make proteins 4. What sugar is in RNA? Ribose sugar 5. Where is RNA found? In the cytoplasm
mtRNA
rRNA
mmRNA

41. What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?

42. What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

43. List the steps to make mRNA What is this process called?

44. List the steps to make mRNA
“TRANSCRIPTION”
In the nucleus, DNA unzips
RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region
RNA Polymerase reads DNA genetic code (nitrogen bases) and makes complimentary mRNA and edits it
mRNA goes out of nucleus through pores

45. What is this process called?
List the steps to make polypeptide chain (protein) from mRNA
What is this process called?

46. List the steps to make protein
“TRANSLATION” (comes LATer)
In the cytoplasm, rRNA attaches to mRNA
rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon”
Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon
Amino acids join to form polypeptide chain =
PROTEIN
Polypeptide Chain =
PROTEIN
Amino Acid
tRNA
mRNA
rRNA
ribosome

47. What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

48. What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?
Codon

49. What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?

50. What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?
Anti-codon

51. How many amino acids are there?
How many different codons code for those amino acids?

52. Remember: How many amino acids are there? 20
How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64
Remember:
Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome
1 codon = 1 amino acid
3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon

53. Translate this mRNA
A U G U G C G U C U A A

55. What is the difference between exons and introns when m-RNA is being made?

56. Introns (junk) are cut out
Exons (good) are kept

57. What is a gene mutation?
Not a real picture

58. Change in nucleotide sequence

59. Of the following mutations, which one of these is not a gene mutation
Of the following mutations, which one of these is not a gene mutation? Substitution Deletion Insertion Inversion
Gene mutation in mice.

60. Substitution = Point Mutation (gene) Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)
Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation
I bet he can catch 3x more flies!

61. What type of gene mutation is it when one nucleotide is replaced with a different one?

62. POINT
MUTATION

63. What type of gene mutation is it when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted?

64. What type of gene mutation is it when a nucleotide is inserted or deleted? FRAME SHIFT MUTATION

65. Name all types of chromosomal mutations

67. The binding site for RNA Polymerase is called the _____________________.?
RNA Polymerase

68. The binding site for RNA Polymerase is called the ______Promoter________.

69. ____?_____ sites are important for controlling gene expression.

70. Regulatory sites are important for controlling gene expression.

71. An operon is a group of genes that operate together in _____________
An operon is a group of genes that operate together in _____________ (type of living things)

72. An operon is a group of genes that operate together in PROKARYOTES
An operon is a group of genes that operate together in PROKARYOTES!! (type of living things)

73. What genes control the basic plan for where organs and tissues are to go in an embryo (organism)?

74. Hox Genes
NOT a real picture!!!