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Name of Seminar Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram
VIII Conference on Port Logistics and Transport The Ship – Technological Limits Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Container shipping started in the 1950s
Name of Seminar Container shipping started in the 1950s Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Rapid growth of ship size
Name of Seminar Rapid growth of ship size first-generation ~1000 TEU Panamax ~4500 TEU Post-Panamax ~8000 TEU Megaboxer >12000 TEU since 1988 Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Several factors limit ship size
Name of Seminar Several factors limit ship size Technical aspects: - limits for main dimensions power “Soft” aspects: - available cargo logistics intermediate storage Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Logistics may pose stricter limits
Name of Seminar Logistics may pose stricter limits Questions to discuss: - Do we have enough cargo to fill larger ships? - Is it more economical to serve different slings? - Do the economies of scale in transport outweigh the costs for dredging, crane infrastructure, etc? - Will the same turn-over time in port be feasible? - ... Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Building facilities ? Can we build bigger container ships?
Name of Seminar Building facilities ? Can we build bigger container ships? Source: Hansa Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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No problem million-ton docks exist... Name of Seminar
Source: Mitsubishi H.I. Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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How about locks ? Will they pass through the main shipping routes?
Name of Seminar How about locks ? Will they pass through the main shipping routes? Source: Hansa Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Panama Canal as “bottleneck”
New locks: lock ship length m m width m m depth m m “New Panamax”: TEU
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“New Panamax” up to TEU Loa = m < m B = m < m T = m < m all present vessels in Korea have this design based on co-operative study of GL / HHI
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No increase in draught – Limits reached
Ship Size in TEU Draught
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Offshore ports discussed in media
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How about cranes ? Outreach ? Will we need new terminals?
Name of Seminar How about cranes ? Outreach ? Will we need new terminals? Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Crane Outreach – Limits approached
Name of Seminar Crane Outreach – Limits approached No new terminals, but width “limited” Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Container ships need a lot of power
Name of Seminar Container ships need a lot of power Main engine of 8200 TEU container ship: Max. power: kW 12 cylinder, 160 t/cylinder Fuel consumption: 230 t/day at 25 kn Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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New diesels for bigger ships
Name of Seminar New diesels for bigger ships Single engine concept so far maintained JIT growth of diesel engines Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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So far just more cylinders added
Name of Seminar So far just more cylinders added Single Propeller / 2 Stroke Engine 12 Cylinder P = kW n = 104 min-1 m = 2150 t L = 24,6 m 14 Cylinder P = kW n = 104 min-1 m = 2400 t L = 28 m 16 Cylinder P = kW n = 104 min-1 m = 2650 t L = 31,5 m Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Limits reached for propeller loading
Name of Seminar Limits reached for propeller loading Rudder cavitation as consequence of high propeller loading Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Global strength – No problem
Name of Seminar Global strength – No problem Global strength analyses performed by GL Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Slamming loads & whipping – No problem
Name of Seminar Slamming loads & whipping – No problem Dynamic analyses performed by GL Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Steel thickness no limiting factor
Name of Seminar Steel thickness no limiting factor Welding technology has progressed Ultra-high tensile steels under development 78 mm Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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How about stacking containers?
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Limits reached in practice
ISO standard and GL rules limit stacking More tiers only for lower weight of containers a t per 40‘ container for 10 tier b t per 40‘ container for 11 tier c t per 40‘ container for 12 tier
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Larger dynamic forces on deck
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Stacking limits reasonable height
Name of Seminar Stacking limits reasonable height ~ 7.0 m 34.30 m 3.4 m 67 m from keel to funnel 32.46 m 8 tiers = m The air draught is not a design paramter for the shipyard. It is a request from the owner Air draught up to 56.0 m Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power
Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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Larger ships technically feasible
Conclusion Growth of container ships not yet finished Strength of containers limits height “Maximum” draught reached Global strength can be handled by advanced engineering Twin-engine, twin-screw ships can push power limit Larger ships technically feasible
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Thank you for your attention
Name of Seminar ? The End ? Thank you for your attention Germanischer Lloyd 2008
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