1. Pork Production in the United States Joel Brendemuhl Tim Marshall University of Florida

2. U.S. swine industry is changing fast Who raises hogs? How hogs are raised? Where hogs are raised?

3. Vertical Integration of the Swine Industry One company controls, through ownership or contract relationships, from the farm to the fork

4. Trends Changing the U.S. Swine Industry 1.Improved herd performance - Producer efficiency - 2.Fewer & bigger hog farms 3.Specialization 4.Fewer & bigger packing plants 5.Geographic shift in production 6.Integration of production and packing 7.Contracting 8.Globalization

5. Producer Efficiency –Pigs/litter –Litters per breeding animal –Market pigs per breeding animal –Pork production per breeding animal –Slaughter weights Trends in the Industry

6. Estimated Daily Slaughter Capacity, U.S. – June, 2000 CompanyCompany Total # of hd/d Smithfield80,300 IBP69,500 Swift39,400 Excel38,700 Hormel31,600 Farmland22,800 Seaboard16,000 Total all U.S.377,620 PorkFacts, 2000-2001

7. Fewer & Bigger Hog Farms

8. Total Hog Farms, 1000 farms United States USDA/NASS, 2001

9. Average Inventory Per U.S. Hog Farm R. Plain - Univ. of Missouri

10. Percent of Inventory by Size of Operation United States USDA-NASS, 12-28-00

11. Percent of Operations and Inventory United States USDA-NASS, 12-28-00

12. 10 Largest U.S. Hog Farms Smithfield Foods675,000 sows Conti Group201,000 sows Seaboard Farms175,000 sows Prestage Farms122,000 sows Tyson Foods110,000 sows Cargill109,000 sows Iowa Select96,000 sows Christensen Farms74,000 sows Purina Mills70,000 sows Goldsboro Hog Farm70,000 sows Source: Successful Farming

13. Specialization Allowed producers to become more efficient and lower costs of operation.

14. Early Production 1950’s

15. Today’s Confinement Building

16. Farrowing Barn

17. Farrowing Crate

18. Nursery

19. Growing - Finish

20. Most operations are an All-in / All-out type of production

21. A “Pot” 200 Slaughter Pigs

22. Conventional farrow to finish Breeding-gestation Farrowing (3 to 4 wk) Nursery (to 50 #) Finishing (to 260 #) Site 1

23. Segregated Early Weaning 3 Site Breeding-gestation Farrowing (2 to 3 wk) Nursery (to 50 #) Finishing (to 260 #) Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

24. Modern Swine Production Intensive management Breeding programs - hybrids Feeding programs Environmentally controlled buildings Disease control/sanitation is critical –“all in, all out” production systems –“shower in, shower out” –Multiple-site systems

25. Where are pigs produced in the United States?

26. Corn Production 2 1 3 Primary energy source = CORN

27. Soybean Production 1 2 Primary protein source = soybean meal

28. Traditional Swine Producing Areas 1

29. Geographic Shift

30. Geographic Shift in Hog Production Sows are leaving the corn states Hogs went to N.C. because N.C. developed a better system Hogs are moving west to get away from rain and people

31. Percent of U.S. Swine Breeding Herd State19802000Change N.C.3.7315.95+12.22 Okla.0.545.42+4.88 Colo.0.443.03+2.59 Utah0.081.27+1.19 Ky2.010.80-1.21 Wis2.951.20-1.75 Ill9.777.18-2.59 Ga3.840.88-2.96 Iowa22.9817.86-5.12

32. Where are the Pigs?

33. Contracting Farrowing Nursery Finishing

34. Swine Breeds & Breeding Mgmt

35. Categorizing Swine Breeds Colored: –Paternal -- muscle, growth traits, leanness White: –Maternal -- milk, litter size, mothering ability

36. Duroc Paternal breed Red Droopy ears

37. Hampshire Paternal breed Black w/ white belt Erect ears

38. Yorkshire Maternal breed White Erect ears

39. Landrace Maternal breed White Large droopy ears

40. Reproductive Mgmt of Swine

41. Boar Reproductive Tract Testes Epididymis Scrotum Vas Deferens Accessory Sex Glands Penis High semen volume:150-250 ml Low concentration: 200-300 million/ml If use AI, may breed 10-20 sows/ejaculate

42. Sow Reproductive Tract Rectum Ovary Oviduct Uterus Cervix Vagina Mammary

43. Sow Reproductive Information

44. Reproductive Management Estrus Detection - expose the sow/gilt to boar –vocalization, “flirt” with the ears –respond to pressure on the rump (won’t move) –greatly swollen vulva

45. Reproductive Management Mating systems Pen mating –natural, but controlled matings based on estrus Artificial Insemination (AI) –  usage by large integrators (nearly 100%) –use “fresh” semen, collected from boars on site –frozen semen yields smaller litters than fresh

46. Farrowing Process of the sow/gilt giving birth. Farrowing stalls (crates) –protect baby pigs from being “crushed” –provides for “dual heat” drip coolers for the sow heat pads/lamps for baby pigs (85-95 o F)