1. The Geography of Language La Geografía del Idioma La Géographie de Langue La Geografia di Lingua Die Geographie der Sprache

2. Geographer’s Perspective on Language Culture (people’s values/beliefs & material stuff) Language - FOUNDATION of culture, most important medium by which culture is transmitted.

3. Geographer’s Perspective on Language Languages structure the perceptions of their speakers. Attitudes, understandings, and responses are partly determined by the words available. Languages are a hallmark of cultural diversity with distinctive regional distributions.

4. Geographer’s Perspective on Language Language is like LUGGAGE – people carry it with them as they move from place to place, pick up new words and contribute new words to existing languages.

5. Geographer’s Perspective on Language Globalization of English vs preserving local languages

6. Geographer’s Perspective on Language Migration and Isolation explain how a single language can later become two or more. It also can explain regions of languages and language families.

7. Language Defined LANGUAGE - Organized system of spoken words by which people communicate with one another with mutual comprehension (Getis, 1985). Literary tradition – system of written communication Official language – used by government for laws, reports, road signs, money, stamps…

8. Ch 5.1 Where are English Speakers Distributed? Origin and diffusion of English English is 2 nd most fluently spoken language in world (Mandarin is 1 st ) 50 countries have English as their official language 1/3 of the world lives with English as official language What is the USA’s official language?

9. Diffusion of English Diffused throughout the world by hundreds of years of British migration and colonialism since the early 1600s. British Colonies = N America, India, S Pacific, S Africa

10. Development of English Celts in England since 2000 BC, pushed out - Germanic Tribes (Beginning ca. 450 AD) (Germany/Denmark) Jutes (N. Denmark) settled in SE England Angles (S. Denmark) settled in N England Saxons (NW Germany) settled in SW England All Germans spoke the same language, but developed independently due to migration.

11. Development of English Vikings (Norway) 9th - 11th Centuries Normans (French) 1066 - French took control of England in Battle of Hastings French became official language for 300 years (mostly spoken by elite). Common people still spoke English. 1204 – England lost control of Normandy, attitude toward French changed. 1362 – English official lang. English is mix of German & French

12. Development of English - Adopted Words Germanic Tribes (Germany/Denmark) kindergarten, angst, noodle, pretzel Vikings (Norway) take, they, reindeer, window Normans (French) renaissance, mansion, village, guardian

13. Dialects of English DIALECT - a regional variation of a language in a local area, distinguished by pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary. (i.e. southern drawl, Bostonian drop “r”) Social Dialects - can denote social class and social standing. Vernacular Dialects - the common, slang, and speech of a region. Term Is he fair dinkum? Why I declare! Down by the crick bludger mosquito hawk nappies Meaning Is he real or genuine? That’s remarkable! Down by the stream (creek) freeloader; welfare dragon fly diapers Location Australia Deep South (U.S.) Middle Atlantic States Australia Southern U.S. Britain/British Colonies

14. Dialects of England Standard Dialect – acceptable dialect for government, education, business, and mass communication (radio) BRP – “British Received Pronunciation” (British standard dialect) Dialects in England are due to the different invaders regions: Angles (north), Jutes (SE), Saxons (S & W) Standard dialect spoken in London, Cambridge, Oxford 1476 printing press encouraged standardization of spelling & grammar (still 3 main dialects)

15. Dialects of England

16. Differences between British and American English British English and American English are different due to MIGRATION and ISOLATION. Actually American English is closer to the original, changed less since immigrant communities are more conservative in preserving their language and culture. Differences Vocabulary – physical environment, natives Spelling – Noah Webster’s dictionary Pronunciation – due to isolation (they communicated only through the written word, no cellphones!)

17. Dialects in the United States History - 13 colonies 1. New England (immigrants from England) 2. Middle Atlantic (Pennsylvania) more diverse: immigrants from England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany, Holland, and Sweden 3. Southern (immigrants from England)

18. Dialects in the United States Current Dialect Differences (follows the same pattern as house type diffusion – remember folk vs pop culture?) New England & Southern – close to British heritage Middle Atlantic – standard dialect (diffused west by settlers)

19. Dialects in the United States Isogloss – an area of distinct word usage or pronunciation that can be defined by a distinct region with boundaries. (usually follows dialectal regions: like Southern, New England, & Midwest dialects in US) Pail–bucket brook–run–stream–branch–creek Frying pan–skillet flannel cake-flap jack–pancake Hello-hey-wassup-howdy-how ya doin’ Coke-soda-pop po’ boy-sub-torpedo-hoagie-hero

20. Isogloss Map of Soft Drink names

21. Ch 5.1 Review Questions

22. 1.Germanic invaders of England included which tribe? A. Angles B. Saxons C. Jutes D. Normans E. A, B, and C

23. Ch 5.1 Review Questions 2.English is the most important language in North America primarily because of A. The Norman conquest. B. The global dominance of the United States. C. Official government policy. D. The diffusion of English colonies. E. Prohibitions against foreign languages.

24. Ch 5.1 Review Questions 3.Which language has the most fluent speakers in the world? A. Spanish B. French C. German D. English E. Mandarin

25. Ch 5.1 Review Questions 4.Which language is the United States official language? A. Spanish B. French C. Spanglish D. English E. None of the above

26. Ch 5.1 Review Questions 5.What invention encouraged the standardization of the English language in Great Britain? A. books B. Light bulb C. Bible D. Fountain pen E. Printing press

27. Ch 5.1 Review Questions 6.What is NOT a difference between the American and British dialects of the English language? A. tone B. pronunciation C. spelling D. grammar E. vocabulary

28. Ch 5.1 Review Questions 7.Which American English dialect is considered the standard form? A. New England B. Middle Atlantic C. Southern D. Western E. Northern

29. Ch 5.1 Review Questions 8.An area of distinct word usage or pronunciation that can be defined by a distinct region with boundaries is called a(n) A. regional dialect B. accent C. official language D. dialect E. isogloss

30. Ch 5.1 Review Questions 9.A regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation is called a(n) A. regional dialect B. accent C. official language D. dialect E. isogloss

31. Ch 5.1 Review Questions 10.Used for government purposes including: laws, reports, road signs, and money A. regional dialect B. accent C. official language D. dialect E. isogloss