1. ALLERGIES

2. What does an allergy mean? An allergy refers to an exaggerated reaction by our immune system in response to bodily contact with certain foreign substances. It is exaggerated because these foreign substances are usually seen by the body as harmless and no response occurs in non- allergic people. Immune responses are primarily mediated by a variety of white blood cell sub-types.

3. What does an allergy mean? An allergy is also called hypersensitivity. Allergies are triggered by antigens (any foreign molecule that stimulates an immune response) called allergens. The resulting immune response is what causes inflammation and damages the body, not the allergen itself.

4. Major Types of Hypersensitivity 1. Delayed Hypersensitivity – Mediated by helper T cells and macrophages; independent of antibodies. 2. Immune-complex Hypersensitivity – Mediated by antigen-antibody complexes deposited in tissue. 3. Immediate Hypersensitivity – Mediated by IgE antibodies, mast cells, and eosinophils.

5. Definition of Terms B Cell – Cells that when activated secrete antibodies. Immunoglobulin (Ig) – Proteins that function as B-Cell receptors and antibodies. Antibodies – Immunoglobulins secreted by plasma cells. Helper T Cells – Class of T cells that activate B cells. Cytokines – Protein messengers that regulate immune responses. Macrophages – Cells that function as phagocytes. IgE – Class of antibodies that mediate immediate hypersensitivity. Histamine – An inflammatory mediator secreted by mast cells Mast Cells – Tissue cell that IgE binds to in order to release inflammatory mediators

6. Delayed Hypersensitivity Inflammatory response is independent of antibodies. Caused by increased secretions of cytokines by helper T cells activated by antigens in the area. Cytokines act as inflammatory mediators and activate additional mediators. Takes several days to develop. – Ex: Poison Ivy rash

7. Delayed Hypersensitivity

8. Immune-Complex Hypersensitivity Antibodies combine with free antigens. These complexes precipitate out of the surface of endothelial cells or are trapped in the walls of capillaries. The inflammatory immune response induced damages the tissues immediately surrounding the complexes. – Ex: Allergy to penicillin.

9. Immune-Complex Hypersensitivity

10. Immediate Hypersensitivity Also called IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. Initial exposure to the antigen leads to some antibody synthesis and production of memory B cells that activate immunity. When exposed to the antigen again, it elicits a more powerful antibody response. Particular antigens can stimulate the production of IgE antibodies. IgE antibody production leads to the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine.

11. Immediate Hypersensitivity

12. Symptoms of IgE-mediated allergy: – Increased mucus secretion – Increased blood flow – Swelling of the epithelial lining – Contraction of smooth muscle surrounding airways A severe reaction can lead to anaphylaxis, which is death due to circulatory and respiratory failure.

13. ALLERGY TREATMENT While there is no cure for allergies, they can be managed effectively by a combination of three treatment modalities: Allergen avoidance Immunotherapy Allergy Medications

14. Allergy diagnosis is the first step allergy testing can let you know for certain which allergens are affecting you. Testing may reveal allergens that you didn't even realize were causing you problems. It is important to identify and confirm allergens that trigger your symptoms. Allergen Avoidance

15. Animal allergies allergy to animal dander, hair, and saliva is a common problem with household pets. Pets that causing allergies include dogs, cats and birds

16. The best avoidance measure for a pet allergy is removing the animal from the house completely if you so emotional and cant do that, and keep it off of furniture and bedroom as much as possible. Have someone else bathe the pet Vacuum the carpet and floors frequently

17. Dust mites Dust mites are microscopic creatures that live in our bedding, pillows and mattresses and eat human dead skin flakes. Many people can be allergic to dust mite Avoidance of dust mites includes frequent washing of bedding, in hot water every week. Other bedding materials such as blankets and comforters should be washed once to twice a month. Decorative pillows and stuffed animals also harbor dust mites, and should be washed frequently or removed from the bed

18. When you get allergy shots (immunotherapy), your allergist or doctor injects small doses of substances that you are allergic to under your skin. This helps your body "get used to" the allergen, which can result in fewer or less severe symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Immunotherapy: allergy shots

19. Immunotherapy Facts Helps people with severe allergies or people who have allergy symptoms over three months a year. Works best for airborne allergies and insect sting allergies. Doesn’t work well for food allergies or hives. Helps protect children with allergies from developing asthma.

20. Allergy Medications In general there is no cure for allergies, but there are several types of medications available both over the counter and prescription to help treat annoying symptoms like congestion and runny nose. Allergy medications are available as pills, liquids, inhalers, nasal sprays, eye drops, skin creams

21. "Allergy Symptoms, Causes, Treatment - What Causes Allergies? on MedicineNet." MedicineNet. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2012.. "Allergist - Find an Allergist. Find Relief." Allergy Treatment. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Oct. 2012.. "Library System." Immunotherapy as an Effective Tool in Allergy Treatment. Munksgaurd, 1998. Web. 06 Oct. 2012.. Vander, Arthur J., James H. Sherman, and Dorothy S. Luciano. Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print.