1. TNO Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations J.A. Rypkema, M.A. Neerincx, P.O Passenier

2. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 2 What is COLFUN? COLFUN = COgnitive Load FUNctional framework Envisioning operators task load Three components: Mental load model Functional model Scenario analysis Example: operator Westerschelde motor-traffic tunnel

3. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 3 Westerschelde motor-traffic tunnel

4. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 4 Westerschelde motor-traffic tunnel 6.6 km long 2 tubes, each tube 2 driving lanes Evacuation corridors every 250 m Cameras every 150 m 20 monitor displays Sensors (e.g. traffic speed, vehicle height, sight) Controllers (e.g. traffic lights, speed reduction signs) One operator to guard the tunnel

5. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 5 Westerschelde motor-traffic tunnel

6. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 6 Question: Can the tunnel be controlled safely by one tunnel operator?

7. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 7 Sub-questions What tasks does the tunnel operator have to perform?

8. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 8 Sub-questions What tasks does the tunnel operator have to perform? How complex are these tasks?

9. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 9 Sub-questions What tasks does the tunnel operator have to perform? Task analysis How complex are these tasks?

10. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 10 Sub-questions What tasks does the tunnel operator have to perform? Task analysis How complex are these tasks? Cognitive load analysis

11. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 11 Task analysis Four generic process control functions:

12. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 12 Task analysis Four generic process control functions: Situation Awareness (SA)

13. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 13 Task analysis Four generic process control functions: Situation Awareness (SA) Disturbance Assessment (DA)

14. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 14 Task analysis Four generic process control functions: Situation Awareness (SA) Disturbance Assessment (DA) Decision Making (DM)

15. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 15 Task analysis Four generic process control functions: Situation Awareness (SA) Disturbance Assessment (DA) Decision Making (DM) Direction & Control (DC)

16. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 16 Functional model SA = Situation Awareness DA= Disturbance Assessment DM= Decision Making DC = Direction & Control

17. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 17 Example Situation awareness Alarm notifies slow speed Cameras show wrecked car

18. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 18 Example Situation awareness Alarm notifies slow speed Cameras show wrecked car Disturbance Assessment Accident One lane blocked

19. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 19 Example Situation awareness Alarm notifies slow speed Cameras show wrecked car Disturbance Assessment Accident One lane blocked Decision Making Close tube Close obstructed lane Speed reduction on other lane

20. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 20 Example Situation awareness Alarm notifies slow speed Cameras show wrecked car Disturbance Assessment Accident One lane blocked Decision Making Close tube Close obstructed lane Speed reduction on other lane Direction & Control Traffic lights on red Activate signs

21. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 21 Cognitive load analysis Three cognitive load factors:

22. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 22 Cognitive load analysis Three cognitive load factors: Time occupied Percentage of available time occupied with tasks

23. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 23 Cognitive load analysis Three cognitive load factors: Time occupied Percentage of available time occupied with tasks Level of information processing Skill-based (‘back bone’) Rule-based (‘if…then’) Knowledge based (unfamiliar situations)

24. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 24 Cognitive load analysis Three cognitive load factors: Time occupied Percentage of available time occupied with tasks Level of information processing Skill-based (‘back bone’) Rule-based (‘if…then’) Knowledge based (unfamiliar situations) Task-set switching Number of switches between tasks-sets (goals, objects, knowledge, capacities)

25. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 25 3D cognitive load model

26. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 26 Scenario analysis 5 scenarios, based on:

27. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 27 Scenario analysis 5 scenarios, based on: Frequency

28. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 28 Scenario analysis 5 scenarios, based on: Frequency Severity

29. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 29 Scenario analysis 5 scenarios, based on: Frequency Severity Expected mental effort

30. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 30 Scenarios Scenario 1 Accident with bus with elderly people, fire

31. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 31 Scenarios Scenario 1 Accident with bus with elderly people, fire Scenario 2 Cargo falls of truck, collision, fire

32. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 32 Scenarios Scenario 1 Accident with bus with elderly people, fire Scenario 2 Cargo falls of truck, collision, fire Scenario 3 Driver heart attack, car hits barrier

33. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 33 Scenarios Scenario 1 Accident with bus with elderly people, fire Scenario 2 Cargo falls of truck, collision, fire Scenario 3 Driver heart attack, car hits barrier Scenario 4 Short circuit, no camera images

34. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 34 Scenarios Scenario 1 Accident with bus with elderly people, fire Scenario 2 Cargo falls of truck, collision, fire Scenario 3 Driver heart attack, car hits barrier Scenario 4 Short circuit, no camera images Scenario 5 Car without fuel standing still in tunnel

35. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 35 Method scenario analysis Event Bus hits car and catches fire, two lanes blocked procedure Perform calamity System (TUBES) OperatorTime 0 5 5 35 Notification (auditory/visual) Detection on MMI Autostart ventilation (after 60s) Press calamity button 1 5 30 0 Auto CCTV selection Build-up internal image

36. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 36 Results scenario analysis (1) Critcal period

37. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 37 Results scenario analysis (2) Level of information processing Task-set switches Time occupied 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3

38. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 38 Conclusions Cognitive load too high at the start of incidents, because: Too many tasks in short time (especially with evacuation) Tasks too complex because lack of (clear) procedures Sometimes number of task-set switches too high as a result of intertwined task-sets And: Sudden change from monotonous vigilance task to highly demanding crisis situation Responsibility until emergency services arrive

39. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 39 Recommendations Develop / improve procedures related to the categorisation of incidents. Develop evacuation procedures. Pay attention to communication and guidance. Improve procedures for communication with third parties. Restrict communication tasks during crisis situations. Cluster the operator tasks in sets. Provide a second person for assistance during crisis situations. Rearrange the calamity buttons

40. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 40 Recommendations training Train “on the job” for normal situations Use a simulator to train for critical situations Repeat training frequently (3-6 monthly) Organize interdisciplinary training with emergency services

41. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 41 Cognitive load functional framework (COLFUN) supports... Envisioning high demand situations in process control Task analysis Cognitive load analysis Attuning task design Procedures Manning Organisation Training Support systems

42. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 42 PRISM FG3 - Human factors in High- demand situations Best Practice Guide Practical theory on high-demand situations Best practices on example domains Tools and techniques Free access for PRISM members on: www.prism-network.org (PRISM registration is free)

43. Human Factors COLFUN, a framework for Envisioning, Assessing and Managing High-Demand Situations 43 Questions?