1. Firdayanti Firdaus, S.Pd., M.Hum.
RHYTHM OF ENGLISH
Firdayanti Firdaus, S.Pd., M.Hum.

2. RHYTHM
Rhythm is the sense of movement in speech, which is marked by the stress, timing, and quantity of syllables.

3. Rhythm has a correlation with stress

4. STRESS
In phonetic, stress is the degree of emphasis given to a sound or syllable in speech.
Stress is the emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence.
Stress is the intensity given to a syllable of speech by special effort in utterance, resulting relative loudness.
Examples:
1. After, Capital, Happen, Exercise, Easy.
2. Instead, Pronounce, Agreement, Particularly.
3. Entertain, Understand, Concentration

5. Why stress is important?
1. If the wrong words are stressed in a sentence, the speech will be difficult to understand, for example: important O o o impotent

6. 2. Stressing a word differently can change the meaning, for example: "They will desert* the desert** by tomorrow." o O O o desert* desert**

7. 1. Word Stress/Syllable Stress
The stress is placed on syllables within a word. It is the ‘beat’ on one or more syllables within a word.

8. Level of stress Primary Stress Higher pitch (Stress) Louder voice
Longer vowel
Secondary stress Relaxed
(Unstress) Weaker
Dissappear

9. Stress + Unstress
Rhythm
(musicality)

10. Teacher busy
Baby crying
The teacher is busy
The baby is crying

11. Which words are most stressed and which are not
Stressed Words
Unstressed Words
* Content Words:
Main Verbs
Nouns
Adjectives
Adverbs
Interjections
* Wh Words
* Function Words:
Articles
Pronouns
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Auxiliary verbs /helping verbs

12. Functional Stress
There are a number of two syllable words which function both as noun or adjective and verbs.
These words have stress on first syllable when they are used as noun or adjective.
and stress occurs on the second syllable when they are used as verbs.
For examples:
1. Her ‘conduct is good (noun)
She con’ducts herself well. (verb)
2. What is our ‘import policy? (adjective)
They do the ‘import trade. (noun)
We im’port this item from USA. (verb)
3. He was ‘present here yesterday (adj.)
Please pre’sent your case! ( verb)
4. Tell me the ‘object of your case. (noun)
I ob’ject to your ideas (verb)
5. What are your ‘subjects of study? (noun)
He was sub’jected to much humiliation. (verb)

13. Stress in Compound noun
The first of a compound noun should be stressed.
E.g.
Download
Golf course
Cell phone
Headache
Keyboard
Voic
Newspaper
I found a new download for my laptop.
Check your voic before going into the conference room.
Why does stress matter?
Green house green house
White house white house

14. Stress in Phrasal Verbs
The stress is on the second part of the verb.
e.g.
Please walk down the steps
I’d like to sit down
Back it up

15. Stress in number
S tress the second syllable or the last part of the “teen” number in amount, money, and time.
- Sixteen
- 09:15 nine thirteen
Stress the first syllable in “ten” number.
- Sixty
- 09:30 nine thirty
Stress the second number for number above twenty.
- twenty – one
When number becomes adjective, primary stress shifts to the nouns and number receive the secondary stress.
- Thirteen pounds
- Fourteen minutes
- fifteen miles

16. Syllable Stress Pattern
Don’t stress a suffix.
Give primary stress to the syllable immediately before most suffixes, such as: -ic, -ical, -ify, -omy, -ogy, -istry, -metry, -ive, -ity, -tion, -ion,-ious, -ily, -eous, -able, -ible, -ophy, -graphy, -ogist, -cian.
For examples:
Domestic identify economical - geography
Economy - economics - philosophy - authentic
transportation -psychology - communication
Trigonometry
Exceptions:
Comfortable vegetable irritable formidable

17. Give primary stress to the syllable that is two syllables before the suffixes –ate, -ary (for 3 syllable words), and sometimes –ive.
e.g.
Appropriate estimate appreciate
Temporary voluntary ordinary
representative consecutive repetitive
Stress one syllable before the –ary suffix for four or more syllables.
elementary [eli’mentri]
rudimentary [ru:di’mentri]

18. Stress a prefix to emphasize a point.
e.g.
rewrite
infrequently
I’m going to rewrite the paper for the third time!
No, she called very infrequently.

19. Do not alter the stress pattern when you add –er or –or to a verb or noun to make it an occupation.
e.g.
counselor
Professor
Reporter
Administrator
Investigator
entertainer

20. 2. Sentence Stress
It shows what words in a sentence are stressed. It is the ‘beat’ on certain words within a sentence.
examples:
- ‘Take a ‘book out of the ‘bag.
- ‘Where are you ‘going?
- It’s a ‘door.
- ‘Bring me a ‘pencil.
- ‘When will she ‘go?

21. Examples When are you coming to dinner?
Motorcycles can be dangerous to drive or ride on.
Last month Carol got a job in San Francisco.
Kenny has gone to France and back.
The Americans are buying some souvenirs and posters.

22. Sentence stress Pattern
Stress the last important content word in a sentence. These words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, and will rarely be pronouns, unless contrastive stress is needed.
Ex:
I walked to the store.
He is very tall.
I will meet you at Five.
It doesn’t work for me.
I need to thank him.

23. Contrastive stress
Contrastive stress is typically used to make our speech more emphatic, such as expressing a point or negating a comment.
- It doesn’t work for me
- It does not work for me
I bought a blue car, not a red car.

24. Don’t stress pronouns, articles, or prepositions, unless we are emphasizing a particular word to clarify meaning..
No, please give the book to me, not to him.
It is on the table, not under the table.

25. Extremes of stress will affect the clarity and effectiveness of the message. It should be stresseeded at least one word in a thought group. Don’t stress two words next to each other.
You can say:
“It is very nice,” or
But not
“It is very nice”
Speed up on words that are not stressed
“I will see you on Monday”

26. Try saying the sentences below:
She bought the book   
She bought the book for his birthday             
She bought the book for his birthday today   
She bought the book for his birthday today she had read         
She bought the book for his birthday today she had read long ago in college              
She bought the book for his birthday today she had read long ago in college as a freshman        
She bought the book for his birthday today she had read long ago in college as a freshman about daffodils
She bought the book for his birthday today she had read long ago in college as a freshman about daffodils and how to grow them.

27. Try saying to the sentences below!1 2 3 4
1 and
2 and
3 and
1 and a
2 and a
3 and a
1 and then a
2 and then a
3 and then a
The four sentences take the same length of time to say and you will notice the numbers are stressed and the unstressed words in between are said much more quickly in order to keep the rhythm of the language. In other languages, which are not stress-timed the stress would fall more equally on each word and syllable.

28. Can you make these sound different?
08 : : 50
16 dollars dollars

29. The meaning of a sentence can change by altering the stressed word.
I’d like to know what she is doing here.

30. Little Jack Horner Sat in a corner Eating his pie He stuck in his thumb And pulled out a plum And said, “what a good boy am I”