2. Sign Language

3. SIGN LANGUAGE Used primarily by hearing-impaired people, Uses a different medium: hands, face, and eyes (rather than vocal tract or ears). NOT derived from spoken language

4. Why Study Sign Language? Sign Language exhibits same functional properties and follow same universal principles as spoken language — possible evidence of universal grammar (UG). Study of sign language provides unique insight into the nature of language itself. Brain function similarities indicate language not based on hearing and speech.

5. MYTHS about sign language universal It ’ s universal: NO. ASL =/= British sign language =/= Spanish sign language mime It ’ s like mime: NO. Some signs may be iconic, but others are not (e.g., ‘ apple ’ in ASL). Mime can use the whole body; sign language uses only an area between the waist and head. no grammar Has no grammar on its own. NO. ASL is NOT “ English on the hands ”. English grammar and ASL grammar are very different; e.g., ASL has a free word order; ASL does not have tense markers. annot convey the same meaning Cannot convey the same meaning/complexities as spoken language. NO. ASL speakers can express anything they want in ASL.

6. A signed language is not the same as a sign language ASL (American Sign Language) is one of the world’s many sign languages

7. ASL Grammar ASL phonology Hand-shape, location, movement, palm orientation (features on their own may mean nothing) There ’ s also assimilation, syllabic constraints, etc, (as in the in the phonology of spoken languages).

8. ASL Grammar ASL morphology Parts of speech are also nouns (N),verbs (V), adjectives (A), pronouns (Pro), adverbs (Adv). A basic form can be inflected in ASL; e.g., Give and different ‘ aspects ’ (Clark, p. 84). Also, nouns are associated with spatial points. Moving between those mark subject/object and pronominal relations. ASL classifiers (relationals) are embedded in V signals ASL signs can form compounds

9. ASL Grammar ASL Syntax Word order: SVO (same as English). However, ASL tends to be a free word order language. ASL allows PRO drop ( “ subjectless ” sentences). Facial expressions express emotions, but also signal syntactic relationships. “ Today snow. Trip cancel. ”

10. Structure of ASL Five Basic Parameters Shape of the hand Place of articulation (location) Movement Palm Orientation Region of the hand contacting body Orientation of the hand to body Orientation of hands to each other Facial Expressions

11. Some differences/similarities In spoken language, phonemes occur linearly; in ASL primes cannot (spatial) ASL involves discrete components, just like spoken language ASL has minimal pairs, as does spoken language (words differing in only one aspect). Speakers of both can have dialects and be perceived to have accents.

12. Sign Language Fingerspelling/Manual Alphabet Words without assigned signs may be spelled Some commonly spelled words become lexicalized (e.g. NO) Not the same handshape is used in every sign language

13. Sign Language Dialects and Registers There are differences between groups within the same language. Black ASL may have properties (handshapes, certain position of certain fingers, size of spaced used, etc) different from other forms of ASL. Also, formal vs informal contexts affect some properties of ASL. For example, deletion is not common in formal contexts; the signing space is bigger in formal contexts, etc.