1. Introduction to Aquaculture

2. Why Aquaculture?

3. What is Aquaculture?
The art, science and business of cultivating plants and animals in water

4. What is Aquaculture?
Come up with a definition for aquaculture

5. Homework 2. Define the following: 1. SIGN SYLLABUS (you and a parent)
Agriculture
Aquaculture
Brackish water
Coldwater
Culture
Freshwater
Mariculture
Salinity
Warmwater

6. Before we get started…
Make sure your homework is finished

7. Ask yourself…. How are farming and aquaculture similar?
How are they different?

8. Comparing Farming and Aquaculture
Fill in the table:
Farming
Aquaculture

9. Comparing Farming and Aquaculture

10. Environments Warmwater aquaculture Coldwater aquaculture
Mariculture or marine culture

11. Warmwater Aquaculture
Commercial raising of stock that thrives in warm, often turbid (cloudy or opaque) freshwater with temperatures exceeding 70 degrees Fahrenheit
Species: catfish, crayfish (crawfish), baitfish, and many other sport fish

12. Coldwater Aquaculture
Commercial production of stock that thrives in cool, clear freshwater with temperatures between 50 and 65 degrees Fahrenheit
Species: trout and salmon

13. Mariculture Crop thrives in saltwater of various temperatures
Species: shrimp, oysters, and seaweed cultures
Salinity- saltwater: ppt
Salinity- brackish water is 1-10 ppt
ppt= parts per thousand

14. Fisheries Fisheries differ from aquaculture
Fisheries involve hunting and general public access to the crop (fish) to be hunted
Aquaculture enhances fisheries by providing fish to restock streams, lakes and oceans
Making sport fishing more enjoyable and stable
Helps ensure the economic success of commercial fisheries

15. Homework Wordsearch: Broodstock Eggs Fingerlings Grow-out Harvesting
Hatchery
Incubate
Larvae
Monoculture
Polyculture
Processing
Seed
Spawn

16. History of Aquaculture

17. History
Aquaculture probably evolved through a combination of human observation and serendipity in several areas of the world at different times

18. Evolving
May have developed from trapping and holding for freshness then refined to ensure a more constant supply

19. Evolving
Cage culture developed when fishers realized that their surplus catch could be held in baskets in the water
Pond culture likely developed when some fishers observed fish trapped in pools of water formed by a flood
Some aquaculture likely developed in conjunction with farming and irrigation since irrigation provided structures and a source of water

20. History of Aquaculture Around the World

21. http://prezi. com/cpe7yj-nzczq/present/

22. Homework
Find five (5) pictures of aquatic organisms (plants or animals) that can be grown and harvested in the United States.
Identify what they are and where they live.

23. History of Aquaculture in the United States

24. http://prezi. com/cpe7yj-nzczq/present/

25. Phases Catfish industry developed through three phrases
1st Phase (Pioneering Phase)
2nd Phase
3rd Phase

26. First Phase
Relatively high production costs that resulted from low yields and inefficiency
High processing costs resulted from a chronic underuse of processing capacity
Markets were fragmented
Low product acceptance outside the principal market areas and lack of an effective marketing strategy combined to limit expansion

27. Second Phase 1971-1976, production improved and unit costs declined
Average annual yields increased from lbs per acre to or more pounds per acre
Became less seasonal
Total demand of catfish rose
Marketing strategy improved
Mississippi emerged as the leader in catfish production, processing and related activities

28. Third Phase 1977-1982, productivity continued to improve
Acreage increased and production costs declined
Processed fish market became the major sales outlet
Sophisticated marketing approach allowed single companies involved in culture, processing and marketing
Processors needed to handle a constant volume of fish throughout the year

29. Shakeout Period
Many farmers constructed ponds and started producing fish without considering management expertise and identifiable, dependable markets
Local oversupply was critical when high feed prices reduced profit margins

30. 2008 Catfish industry faced major obstacles like:
Sky-high feed prices
Declining acreage
Fierce competition from imported fish
Led to reduction in the number of producers and number of acres of catfish ponds

31. Idaho Rainbow trout introduced in 1900s
, Idaho built 14 hatcheries
Produced mainly rainbow trout to maintain productive fishing

32. Warren Meader
First commercial trout farm began in 1909 at Devil’s Corral Spring
1914, Warren Meader started brood-stock production
1940, Meader was supplying up to 60 million eggs to public and private hatcheries around the US

33. Trout in Idaho
1928, Jack Tingey and his wife, started first commercial hatchery near Buhl, Idaho
Late 1940s, trout industry began to grow
1960s-1980s, trout production rapidly increased
Today: World’s largest trout production facility is Clear Springs Food Company in Buhl, Idaho

34. History Project Your task:
Create a poster that shows at least 7 accurate facts about the history of aquaculture.
You will it to me when you are done.

35. Oysters, Crawfish, Clams and Shrimp

36. Oysters
A.D. 43, Roman settlers in England harvested oysters along seacoasts
In winter, they packed the oysters in cloth bags and sent them to Rome
Eventually, learned to farm oysters in the water off the Italian coast
When Europeans first came to N. America, they found Indian tribes along the coast who depended upon oysters as part of their diet
1894, the harvest of Chesapeake Bay oysters peaked at 15 million bushels and then began to decline

37. Crawfish (Crayfish)
Culture of crawfish developed as a simulation of the creatures’ natural life cycle in ponds
Now, some cultures are tied to agricultural practices such as rice fields in the south

38. Clams
Shortages and increasing prices for clams are creating more interest in aquaculture
Methods of spawning and growing hard clam larvae were described as early as 1927 and patented in 1929
Interest in culturing clams remained low until early 1950s
1st commercial aquaculture operation began in 1957 in Atlantic, Virginia
By 1970, new technology and new materials contributed to new methods for raising hard clams

39. Shrimp Widely cultured in Asia
Cultured accidently in brackish water ponds
Culturing alone or monoculture is a fairly recent occurrence in the US and Asia

40. Homework
You will be given 1 of 5 activities/functions to produce an aquaculture product
Research the activity/function
Explain what it is and how it relates to aquaculture

41. Aquaculture Activities

42. Aquaculture Activities
The functions or activities performed to produce the product
Identified in groups often becoming separate industries
In aquaculture, there are five main activities:
1. Hatchery
2. Grow-out
3. Harvesting
4. Marketing
5. Processing

43. Teaching Activity
Step 1: Find the others that have the same function/activity as you.
Step 2: Compare notes
Step 3: In new groups learn about all five functions/activities
Step 4: Be prepared to discuss as a class

44. Grow-out Facilities that produce crops (fish) from the seed
Intensive or extensive production systems
Intensive: involve a very dense population of fish in relatively small spaces and require careful management
Extensive: involve lower populations and less stringent management
May be land-based (ponds, tanks and runways) or water based (pens, cages or ranching)

45. Harvesting
Involves the gathering or capturing of fish for marketing and processing
Aquaculture harvesting is typically topping or total harvesting

46. Marketing Connects producers with consumers
Purpose is to provide a consumer with desired products and to provide the producer with a price to cover production and make a profit
Five markets, depending on the reason for production are associated with fish:
1. food for human consumption
2. bait for sport fishing
3. pets or ornamentals for home or office aquaria
4. sport fish for release into lakes and streams
5. fish for feed ingredients

47. Processing
Changes the form of the product into something more desirable to consumers
Occurs in three forms: minimal, medium, and value-added
We will cover the activities and functions of aquaculture in further detail later

48. Future of Aquaculture

49. Future
The National Aquaculture Act of 1980 established aquaculture as a national priority
Consolidated federal support for aquaculture and the development of national planning for policy and cooperation by federal and state governments
The act was to support aquaculture as an industry that makes major contributions to the nation
The National Aquaculture Development Plan in 1996 continues to emphasize aquaculture in the US
US Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture (JSA) promotes a strategic plan that will take aquaculture into the future

50. FAO Statistics Estimates:
World aquacultural production represents about 50% of the world aquatic food production by fisheries
For food fish, 50% of total world supply is derived from aquaculture
Worldwide, aquacultural production in the 43 countires that have such industries produces more than 110 million tons of fish and fish products
World aquatic plant production by aquaculture was 15.1 million tons in 2006

51. Technological Breakthroughs
Increased the potential of aquaculture in the US
Development of net/pen culture and ocean ranching in the Pacific Northwest
Establishment of abalone culture in California
Introduction of Malaysian prawn culture to Hawaii and South Carolina
Improvement of raft culture of blue mussels and oysters in New England
Development of oyster hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest and the Atlantic States
Establishment of marine shrimp farms in Central America by US firms

52. Homework Chapter review
Be prepared for a short quiz at the beginning of next week