1. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FEEDSTUFFS Pages 87-93

2. Question Why have some foreign feed companies added the compound below to some feed ingredients? A)Increase the energy concentration B)Increase the crude protein concentration C)Supply an essential amino acid D)Supply a required vitamin

3. FEED NUTRIENTS

4. FEED ANALYSIS SYSTEMS Needed to rationally group feed nutrients and requirements –Makes analysis relatively easy and cost-effective Feed analysis systems –Proximate analysis system (Weende system) Developed in 1864 at Weende Experiment Station in Germany –Detergent analysis system (Van Soest system) Developed in 1964 at USDA Beltsville Research Center

5. PROXIMATE ANALYSIS COMPONENTS Dry matter Ash Crude protein Ether extract Crude fiber Nitrogen-free extract

6. Dry matter (DM) –Material remaining after a feed is dried in a 100 o C oven for 24 hours DM,% = wt after drying/wt before drying x 100% % moisture = 100 – DM,% –Problems with method Errors from losses of volatile components –Particularly a problem with fermented feeds –Can be avoided by toluene distillation or freeze drying Drying at 100 o C destroys sample for further analysis –Can be avoided by freeze drying or drying at 65 o C for 48 hours in preparation for analysis (Still need to run a total DM analysis on part of sample)

7. Significance of DM –Considerable variation in the DM, % of feedstuffs Corn grain, 88% DM Alfalfa hay, 90% DM Alfalfa silage, 45% DM Alfalfa pasture, 26% DM Whey, 7% –Other nutrients are present within the dry matter Affects expression of concentrations of nutrients in feedstuffs Example Crude protein, % DM,%Wet basis DM basis –Dried distillers grains 93 27.930 –Modified distillers grains 50 15.0 30 –Wet distillers grain 40 12.0 30 –Affects storage properties of feedstuffs

8. Ash –Material remaining after oxidation of a sample at 600 o C for 2 hours in a muffle furnace % Ash = wt after ashing/sample wt x 100% % Organic matter = 100 - % ash –Problems No indication of amounts of individual minerals Some minerals (Sulfur, Selenium, Zinc, Iodine are lost) –Significance May indicate soil contamination or adulteration of feedstuff or diet.

9. Crude protein (CP) –% Crude protein = %N x 6.25 –%N determination Kjeldahl N Sample→Boil in conc. H 2 SO 4 →(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 →Add conc. NaOH, → Titrate distill NH 3, and trap NH 4 borate in boric acid N analyzer Sample→Pyrrolize sample at high temp.→Measure N 2 w/detector –Factor of 6.25 assumes that most proteins contain 16% N CP,% = measured mg N/100 mg sample x 100 mg protein/16 mg N = measured mg N/100 mg/sample x 6.25

10. Problems with crude protein procedure –Sources of N True protein –Chains of amino acids bound by peptide linkages –Can meet the protein requirements of either nonruminant or ruminant animals Nonprotein nitrogen –Forms »Free amino acids »Nucleic acids »Ammonia »Urea »Biuret

11. What form(s) of crude protein can be used to meet the crude protein requirement of a 120 lb growing gilt? A.Chains of amino acids B.Ammonia C.Biuret D.Urea E.All of the above

12. What form(s) of crude protein can be used to meet the crude protein requirement of a 800 lb growing steer? A.Chains of amino acids B.Ammonia C.Biuret D.Urea E.All of the above

13. –Crude protein says nothing about the amino acid composition of the feed source Commonly assume that the concentration of individual amino acids is constant within the protein a given feedstuff Can analyze for individual amino acids

14. –Crude protein says nothing about the digestibility of a protein Varies with feedstuff % Crude protein % Protein Digestibility Soybean meal4590 Feather meal8075 Varies with heat damage –When overheated, protein will bind to the cell wall carbohydrates particularly across lysine –Causes »Molding of forages »Over-heating during processing »Over-drying of grains or soybeans –Referred to as the Maillard or Browning Reaction –Results % Crude protein % Protein Digestibility Well-preserved alfalfa hay1890 Heat-damaged alfalfa hay1860

15. Ether extract (EE) –Also called crude fat –Material removed by refluxing ether through a feed sample for 4 hours % Ether extract = (Sample wt-residue after ether extract)/Sample wt x 100% –Theoretically represents fat content of the feedstuff A high ether extract content should indicate a high energy concentration –Problem with procedure Ether extract consists of: –True lipids »Fats and oils –Non-nutritional ether soluble components »Fat-soluble vitamins »Chlorophyll »Pigments »Volatile oils »Waxes

16. Crude fiber (CF) –Procedure Sample→Extract with dilute H 2 SO 4 →Residue→Burn at 600 o C→Ash followed by dilute NaOH % CF = (Residue wt-Ash wt)/sample wt x 100% –Theoretically represents the structural carbohydrates (Cellulose and hemicellulose) –Limited digestibility in ruminants –Poor digestibility in nonruminants Lignin –Indigestible by ruminants and nonruminants –Problems with procedure Poor recovery of components % recovered –Cellulose90 –Hemicellulose50-60 –Lignin13-70

17. Nitrogen-free extract (NFE) –No actual analysis –Calculation by difference %NFE = %DM – (%ash+%CP+%EE+%CF) –Theoretically represents: Starch Sugars –Problems: Contains all of the errors from other analyses –Largest error is unrecovered lignin will be placed in NFE

18. WHY IS PROXIMATE ANALYSIS SYSTEM STILL USED?

19. DETERGENT ANALYSIS SYSTEM

20. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) –Consists of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, cell wall bound protein and insoluble ash –Significance: Highly related to feed intake DMI, % BW = 120/% NDF Acid detergent fiber (ADF) –Consists of cellulose, lignin, poorly digested protein, and insoluble ash –Significance: Highly related to digestibility and energy concentration DDM% = 88.9 – (.779 x %ADF) NE l, Mcal/lb (for legumes) = 1.011 – (0.0113 x %ADF) –Combination of DDM (determined from ADF) and DMI (determined from NDF) is used to determine Relative Feed Value (RFV) RFV=DDM x DMI / 1.29 Used for hay marketing

21. –Nitrogen bound to acid detergent fiber is a measure of heat-damaged protein Called ADIN or ADF-CP –Procedure Sample→Extract with AD→ADF→Analyze N by Kjeldahl procedure ADF-CP, % of total CP= %ADFN x 6.25/%CP x 100% –Relationship to protein digestibility (called adjusted CP) Traditional adjustment –If ADF-CP, % of total CP < 10% »Adjusted CP = CP –If ADF-CP, % of total CP > 10% »Adjusted CP = (100 – ADF-CP, % of CP) x CP Modern adjustment –If ADF-CP, % of total CP <14, ADIN is considered digestible »Adjusted CP = CP –If ADF-CP, % of total CP is >14 and <20 »Adjusted CP = ((100 – (ADF-CP, % of CP – 7))/100) x CP –If ADF-CP, % of total CP is > 20 »Adjusted CP = CP – ADF-CP, % of CP X CP

22. N bound to NDF and ADF used to determine rumen degradable, rumen undegradable, and indigestible fractions Rumen degradable protein = Total CP – (NDFCP, % of CP xTotal CP) Rumen undegradable protein = (NDFCP, % of CP xTotal CP) – (ADFCP, % of CP xTotal CP) Indigestible protein = (ADFCP, % of CP xTotal CP)

23. OTHER ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy –Determines the concentrations of protein, amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates based on absorption of near infrared light –Advantages Rapid Used by most commercial labs –Limitations Requires calibration Inability to measure heterogeneous molecules like lignin Inability to measure minerals

24. Atomic absorption spectroscopy –Used for mineral analysis –Procedure Sample ashed and extracted into a solvent Dissolved sample sucked into a flame with a light at a specific wavelength going through it Absorption of light directly proportional to absorption of light –Limitation Expense High performance liquid chromatography –Used of amino acids and vitamins –Procedure Sample dissolved in organic solvent injected into column Column differentially separates components Detector measures components as they through the column –Limitation Expense

25. Question Why have some foreign feed companies added the compound below to some feed ingredients? A)Increase the energy concentration B)Increase the crude protein concentration C)Supply an essential amino acid D)Supply a required vitamin Melamine