1. Importance of Fungicides for Feeding the World Leonard P. Gianessi CropLife Foundation

2. Fungicide Use Patterns Current Future

3. World Fungicide Sales : Crops 2000: $ 6 billion 2012: $12 billion Phillips McDougall

4. World Fungicide Sales : Crops (billion $/year) $4.1 : Fruit and Vegetables $2.2 : Cereals $1.2 : Soybeans $.8 : Rice Phillips McDougall

5. Cereals: Europe “Yields of cereal crops in Europe are among the highest in the world and the levels and consistency of these yields is in no small part due to the use of fungicides.” Redbond,2006

6. China Wheat (#1 in World) Wheat losses due to rust (million tonnes) 1950 – 6.0 1964 – 3.2 1990 – 1.8 2002 – 1.3 Now: Treat 6 million hectares with fungicides Wheat rust Zhenshng, et al. 2010.

7. Kenya: Wheat Rust “All the current commercial wheat cultivars are highly susceptible to the new race, and it is not possible to grow a profitable crop of wheat without the application of a fungicide.” Wanyera, et al, 2009

8. Rice: Sheath Blight “Despite its economic importance, there are no completely resistant rice cultivars against this fungal rice disease and control methods for sheath blight are limited to heavy usage of fungicides.” Shrestha,et al, 2013

9. Brazil: Soybean Production FAO

10. Soybean Rust Pustules Brazil: First appeared 2001 By 2003: Spread to entire country Yield losses up to 75% Yorinori, 2005.

11. Brazil: Spraying Soybeans Fungicides prevent yield losses of 44% Scherm, et al. 2009.

12. Brazil: Soybean Fungicide Market Phillips McDougall

13. World Fungicide Sales : Crops (billion $/year) $.7 : Potato $.5 : Pome Fruit $1.0 :Vine Phillips McDougall

14. Potato Late Blight:Ireland “From the end of May until harvest, farmers spray fungicides every 7 to 14 days. Without the sprays, the potato fields of Ireland would echo the destruction that began in 1845.” Washington Post, March 17,2013

15. India: Apples 4 billion pounds/year 9-10 sprays for scab Thakur, 2008

16. France: Apples 4 billion pounds/year 15-20 sprays for scab Brun, 2008

17. Africa: Maize as traditional food Main food for 50% of the population. 65% of farms have shortages before next harvest.

18. Maize Yields (Tons/hectare) Africa 1.6 Global 4.5 FAO

19. Gray Leaf Spot on Maize Leaf

20. Maize: Africa, Fungicides Sprayed Unsprayed Fungicides increase maize yields 27 to 54% Verma, 2001.

21. Africa: Potato Consumption

22. Potato Production: Sub-Saharan Africa FAO 1990=1.00

23. Kenyan Highlands

24. Potatoes: Africa, Fungicides Sprayed Unsprayed Namanda,et al, 2004. Fungicide spray increases yield by 224%

25. Russia: Potatoes, Family Plots 90% of production No use of fungicides 46% Loss in Yield Filippov, 2007

26. Climate Change: Finland “With a longer growing season plant pathogens will thrive. An increase of 1 degree C in southern Finland extends the period when late blight control is necessary by 10-20 days, which means 1-2 more fungicide applications.” Hakula, et al, 2011

27. Japanese Rice Famines due to rice blast 1695, 1783, 1833 ‒ 1837 Last major rice blast outbreak : 1953 Fungicides have prevented outbreaks since then Rice blast Oku, 1994.

28. Monument to fungicides for rice blast control in Nankoku, Japan

29. Conclusions Fungicides are Essential for Feeding the World A significant increase in fungicide use would greatly improve international food security

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