1. G ROUNDWATER SECURITY & GOVERNANCE : LINKING ISSUES AND THREATS WITH RULES AND NORMS Kirstin I. Conti UpGro Groundwater, Poverty and Development Event November 28, 2014 Based on Research with Dr. Neno Kukurić, & Prof. Joyeeta Gupta

2. P RESENTATION O VERVIEW Why I’m Here… Key Concepts GW Security & Governance –Global –Transboundary –National –Sub-national Conclusions A Way Forward

3. H OW DO WE GET FROM HERE ….

4. T O HERE …. to

5. A ND T O HERE ….

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8. Groundwater Security? K EY C ONCEPTS State of Resource(s) Groundwater Governance Framework? Specific Governance Arrangements Rules & Norms Drivers of Groundwater Change

9. G LOBAL L EVEL Security? MOSTLY State of Resource(s) Footprint > aquifer area Abstraction ↑ 3% per yr. 39% abstraction = depletion 31 km 3 per yr. mined Emerging contaminants Governance Framework? EMERGING Arrangements Sustainable Dev. Goals Rio Declaration UN Watercourses Conv. UNECE Water Conv. Draft Articles on TBAs Rules & Norms Sustainable dev. Polluter pays Human right to water Equitable use Drivers Climate change Global dev. policy Trade Demography

10. R EGIONAL -T RANSBOUNDARY L EVELS Security? MOSTLY State of Resource(s) Use tripled in Cen. Asia Use ↑ 40% in N. & C. America 8% of TBAs stressed Several contaminated TBAs Governance Framework? SCATTERED Arrangements EU WFD Guaraní Agreement SADC Protocol Hueco Bolsón MOU Stakeholder groups Rules & Norms Monitoring/data sharing No harm Equitable use Sovereignty? Drivers Biophysical conditions Demography Potable water/ag/industry Pol. dynamics btw states

11. Security? SOME State of Resource(s) High abstraction Low recharge Arsenic/fluoride/salinity Other quality problems Governance Framework? NEEDS ENFORCEMENT Arrangements National water laws and policies Basin commissions Public or private water providers Rules & Norms Allocation/rights Water quality standards Licenses and permits Monitoring Drivers Potable water/ag/industry Culture Economy Non-groundwater policy N ATIONAL L EVEL

12. Security? LITTLE State of Resource(s) Often lacking data Variable GW availability Local depletion or contamination Ecosystem degradation Governance Framework? INFORMAL/SEPERATED Arrangements Municipal regulations Community level regimes Public or private water providers Rules & Norms Community-level allocation/rights Possible pollution prevention measures Technology incentives Drivers Potable water/ag/industry Infrastructure Culture Poverty ‘Land grabbing’ S UB -N ATIONAL L EVEL

13. C ONCLUSIONS Groundwater security decreasing with geographic level Drivers are physical, socio-cultural, political, and economic Rules and norms serve as counter-drivers; however, governance arrangements use them inconsistently Groundwater governance frameworks need: –Strengthening –Cohesion –Enforcement

14. A W AY F ORWARD Impacts from drivers will increase post-2015 Need more specific norms, informed by drivers, which can support inclusive development (poverty alleviation) –Need norms to be beyond legal? –Alternative technologies (e.g. supply augmentation) –Equity within socio-political contexts Equity in allocation difficult without data – need monitoring Keep in mind what happens after the pump is installed

15. T HANK Y OU !