1. Chasing Chilliwack: recent historical Canadian census aggregate statistics [version 2] A workshop at ACCOLEDS 2008 Laine Ruus Laine Ruus laine.ruus@utoronto.ca 2008-12-02

2. Outline Introduction Introduction What’s changed about census, and when did it change What’s changed about census, and when did it change Following a geographic area over time Following a geographic area over time

3. How Chilliwack grew Sources:http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/misc/accoleds/2008/accoleds08_resources.htm#fn1

4. Introduction Study of change over time is increasingly interesting, as data time-lines get longer Study of change over time is increasingly interesting, as data time-lines get longer Most pre-1961 census products are print-only Most pre-1961 census products are print-only STC began to make extensive use of computer equipment with the 1951 census; computer- readable aggregate statistics beginning in 1961 STC began to make extensive use of computer equipment with the 1951 census; computer- readable aggregate statistics beginning in 1961 CCRI has a project to produce microdata from 1911-1951 census, as well as some aggregate products CCRI has a project to produce microdata from 1911-1951 census, as well as some aggregate products

5. Introduction (cont’d) Working with historical census aggregate data involves dealing with: Changes to variable collection, coding, and definitions Changes to variable collection, coding, and definitions Changes to units of observation Changes to units of observation Changes to census geography Changes to census geography Changes to file organization Changes to file organization Changes to census products Changes to census products

6. Changes to variable collection, coding, and definitions Compare the definition of ethnic origin in 1981 (p.14 in): Compare the definition of ethnic origin in 1981 (p.14 in): http://prod.library.utoronto.ca:8090/datalib/codebooks/c/cc81/dict81.pdf With those in 2006: With those in 2006: http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/dictionary/pop030a.cfm http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/dictionary/pop030a.cfm and http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/dictionary/pop030a.cfm http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/reportsandguides/ethnic- origin.cfm http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/reference/reportsandguides/ethnic- origin.cfm

7. How a variable is collected is one thing, how it is coded is another… 1981 ethnic origin : 1981 ethnic origin : EA-level: profile & BST (12) EA-level: profile & BST (12) CT-level: profile (5); BST (42) CT-level: profile (5); BST (42) CSD-level: profile (5); BST (12, 42) CSD-level: profile (5); BST (12, 42) 1991 ethnic origin : 1991 ethnic origin : EA-level: profile (35); BST (25) EA-level: profile (35); BST (25) CT-level: profile (35 ); BST (25) CT-level: profile (35 ); BST (25) CSD-level: profile (35); BST (25) CSD-level: profile (35); BST (25) 2001 ethnic origin : 2001 ethnic origin : DA/CT/CSD level: profile (61); BST (na) DA/CT/CSD level: profile (61); BST (na) [BST=basic summary tabulation]

8. 19711981199120012006 British Isles BritishBritish EnglishEnglishEnglish ScottishScottishScottish IrishIrishIrish Other British WelshWelsh British n.i.e. Cornish Manx

9. Changes to unit of observation Now 5 basic units of observation: individual, census family, economic family, household, dwelling Now 5 basic units of observation: individual, census family, economic family, household, dwelling 1871 – individual 1871 – individual 1921 – ‘census family’ versus ‘private family’ 1921 – ‘census family’ versus ‘private family’ 1931 – ‘private family’ became ‘household’ 1931 – ‘private family’ became ‘household’ 1956 – ‘economic family’ introduced 1956 – ‘economic family’ introduced Note: always use the appropriate denominator – short form population for short form variables, long form population for long form variables! Note: always use the appropriate denominator – short form population for short form variables, long form population for long form variables!

10. Census products by geographic area and medium Enumeration areas: 1961-1996 Enumeration areas: 1961-1996 Computer-readable only, never available in print Computer-readable only, never available in print Dissemination areas: 2001-2006 Dissemination areas: 2001-2006 Computer-readable only, never available in print Computer-readable only, never available in print Census tract: Census tract: Print/microfiche: 1951-2006 Print/microfiche: 1951-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006 Provincial census tracts Provincial census tracts Print: 1981 Print: 1981 Computer-readable: 1971-1981 Computer-readable: 1971-1981

11. Census products by geographic area and medium (cont’d) Census subdivision (municipalities) level Census subdivision (municipalities) level Print: 1851-2006 Print: 1851-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006 Census division (counties) level Census division (counties) level Print: 1851-2006 Print: 1851-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006 CMA/CA CMA/CA Print: 1936/1941-2006 Print: 1936/1941-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006

12. Census products by geographic area and medium (cont’d) Federal electoral district level Federal electoral district level Print: 1851-2001 Print: 1851-2001 Computer-readable: 1971-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006 Forward sortation area level Forward sortation area level Never in print Never in print Computer-readable: 1986-2006 Computer-readable: 1986-2006 Province level Province level Print: 1840-2006 Print: 1840-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006 Computer-readable: 1971-2006

13. p=print m=machine- readable Prov/FED /CMA CD/CSD etc. ProfileBSTs 1871p 1941p 1951pp 1961pppm 1971pppm 1981ppp/mm 1986pp/mp/mm 1991 p/m (4) pp/mm 1996mmp/mm 2001mmp/mm

14. Brief guide to census geography: what changes and why Enumeration areas were the basic building block Enumeration areas were the basic building block Did not cross other STC boundaries Did not cross other STC boundaries Therefore could be added up to all higher levels of geography Therefore could be added up to all higher levels of geography Physical area covered by one enumerator Physical area covered by one enumerator Assigned numeric code: prov(2)+fed(3)+ea(3) Assigned numeric code: prov(2)+fed(3)+ea(3) Not geographically stable (ie could and did change with each census/stack on top of each other, etc Not geographically stable (ie could and did change with each census/stack on top of each other, etc

15. Brief guide to census geography: what changes and why (cont’d) Dissemination areas introduced in 2001 Dissemination areas introduced in 2001 DAs replace EAs as smallest geographic area for which census data are released DAs replace EAs as smallest geographic area for which census data are released DAs respect CTs, CSDs, and by extension, CD boundaries DAs respect CTs, CSDs, and by extension, CD boundaries Assigned numeric code: prov(2)+cd(2)+da(4) Assigned numeric code: prov(2)+cd(2)+da(4) Planned to be geographically stable Planned to be geographically stable Comprised of Dissemination Blocks (DBs), the new basic building block Comprised of Dissemination Blocks (DBs), the new basic building block No standard data products except population and dwelling counts at DB level No standard data products except population and dwelling counts at DB level

16. Changes to census geography (cont’d) Census tracts Census tracts first defined in 1941 census, as ‘social areas’ first defined in 1941 census, as ‘social areas’ renamed census tracts (1951) renamed census tracts (1951) major reorganization of census tract boundaries and names in 1971 major reorganization of census tract boundaries and names in 1971 assigned numeric code: cma(3)+ctcode(4) and numeric ‘name’ (cma(3)+ctname(7.2) assigned numeric code: cma(3)+ctcode(4) and numeric ‘name’ (cma(3)+ctname(7.2) split when they grow too big (and STC has the budget to split them) split when they grow too big (and STC has the budget to split them) when they split, ‘root’ remains the same, ie 7.00 becomes 7.01 and 7.02 when they split, ‘root’ remains the same, ie 7.00 becomes 7.01 and 7.02

17. Changes to census geography (cont’d) Area aggregates/Provincial census tracts Area aggregates/Provincial census tracts Created in 1971, as ‘area aggregates’ Created in 1971, as ‘area aggregates’ 1976 became provincial census tracts 1976 became provincial census tracts covered all Canada outside census-tracted urban areas covered all Canada outside census-tracted urban areas only available in BCTs, in 1971 only available in BCTs, in 1971 1981 included in BCTs and print profile 1981 included in BCTs and print profile assigned a numeric code: prov(2)+pctcode (4) assigned a numeric code: prov(2)+pctcode (4) disappeared in 1986 census products disappeared in 1986 census products

18. Changes to census geography (cont’d) Census subdivisions (municipalities) Census subdivisions (municipalities) Defined Municipality Acts of by provincial/territorial governments, + unincorporated areas Defined Municipality Acts of by provincial/territorial governments, + unincorporated areas Named areas, but assigned numeric code: prov(2)+cd(2)+csd(3) Named areas, but assigned numeric code: prov(2)+cd(2)+csd(3) See: See: Standard geographical classifications (1974-2008) Standard geographical classifications (1974-2008) Interim list of changes to municipal boundaries, status, and names Interim list of changes to municipal boundaries, status, and names http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/codebooks/cstdli/92f000 9xpb.htm http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/codebooks/cstdli/92f000 9xpb.htm

19. Changes to census geography (cont’d) Indian reserves Indian reserves Indian reserves defined by IAND Indian reserves defined by IAND 1961 Indian reserves lumped together in each county 1961 Indian reserves lumped together in each county 1971 Indian reserves lumped together in each census subdivision (municipality) 1971 Indian reserves lumped together in each census subdivision (municipality) 1981 Indian reserves became discrete census subdivisions 1981 Indian reserves became discrete census subdivisions

20. Changes to census geography (cont’d) Census divisions/counties, etc. Census divisions/counties, etc. defined by provincial legislation (in some provinces only), or by Statistics Canada defined by provincial legislation (in some provinces only), or by Statistics Canada Name and assigned numeric code: prov(2)+cd(2) Name and assigned numeric code: prov(2)+cd(2) Census metropolitan areas/census agglomerations Census metropolitan areas/census agglomerations Defined by urban core plus ‘labour watershed’ (STC defined) Defined by urban core plus ‘labour watershed’ (STC defined) Aggregations of complete CSDs Aggregations of complete CSDs Name and assigned numeric code: cma(3) Name and assigned numeric code: cma(3)

21. Changes to census geography (cont’d) Federal electoral districts Federal electoral districts Defined by federal Electoral Boundary Readjustment Acts, about every 10 years. Defined by federal Electoral Boundary Readjustment Acts, about every 10 years. Name and numeric code: prov(2)+fed(3) Name and numeric code: prov(2)+fed(3) Forward sortation areas (FSAs) + Local delivery units (LDU) Forward sortation areas (FSAs) + Local delivery units (LDU) Defined by Canada Post Defined by Canada Post Do not respect/are not respected by any Statistics Canada geographic areas Do not respect/are not respected by any Statistics Canada geographic areas 3-6 digit alpha-numeric codes 3-6 digit alpha-numeric codes

22. Adding up census geography The following table shows which levels of census geography can be added up to which larger levels of census geography The following table shows which levels of census geography can be added up to which larger levels of census geography Why you should avoid doing so whenever possible: Why you should avoid doing so whenever possible: Area suppression Area suppression Random rounding causes distortion Random rounding causes distortion

23. EaDa Ct (+pct) Cma /ca csdcdfedhuprov EaX XXXXXXX DaXXXXXX Ct (+pct) XXX(X) Cma/ca XX csd XXXX cdX X fedXX huXX provX Adding up levels of census geography: hu=health unit

24. Four ways to chase census geography over time Named areas, through Official lists and Geography tape/attribute file/Geosuite Named areas, through Official lists and Geography tape/attribute file/Geosuite Coded areas, through EA/DA and CT correspondence files Coded areas, through EA/DA and CT correspondence files Paper maps where available Paper maps where available Overlaying vector/boundary files, where available Overlaying vector/boundary files, where available

25. Identifying areas Larger geographic areas have names, and have been assigned numeric codes Larger geographic areas have names, and have been assigned numeric codes Both codes and names can change Both codes and names can change Eg ‘23’=‘’Vancouver’ in 1971; ’933’ = ‘’Vancouver’ post-1971 Eg ‘23’=‘’Vancouver’ in 1971; ’933’ = ‘’Vancouver’ post-1971 Eg ‘Hull’ became ‘Gatineau’ in 2006 Eg ‘Hull’ became ‘Gatineau’ in 2006 CTs and EAs/DAs have only codes CTs and EAs/DAs have only codes Ctuid=cma(3)+ctname(7) Ctuid=cma(3)+ctname(7) Dauid=prov(2)+cd(2)+da(4) Dauid=prov(2)+cd(2)+da(4) Eauid=prov(2)+fed(3)+ea(3) Eauid=prov(2)+fed(3)+ea(3)

26. Exercise 1: Is/was Chilliwack, BC a CMA or a CA? Is/was Chilliwack, BC a CMA or a CA? What was Chilliwack’s CMA/CA code in 1971? In 2006? When did it change? What was Chilliwack’s CMA/CA code in 1971? In 2006? When did it change? Did Chilliwack have census tracts in 1971? In 2006? Did Chilliwack have census tracts in 1971? In 2006? Hint: see table at http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/other/referenc.ht m#sgc Hint: see table at http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/other/referenc.ht m#sgc http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/other/referenc.ht m#sgc http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/other/referenc.ht m#sgc

27. Chasing named places thru time: Finding codes of ‘named’ areas over time: Finding codes of ‘named’ areas over time: Standard geographical classification (STC 12- 554+) 1974-2008 Standard geographical classification (STC 12- 554+) 1974-2008 Geography attribute file/Geography tape file (1971-1996, 2006) Geography attribute file/Geography tape file (1971-1996, 2006) Geosuite/Georef (1996-2006) Geosuite/Georef (1996-2006) Interim list of changes to municipal boundaries, status, and names 1965-. Interim list of changes to municipal boundaries, status, and names 1965-. Place name master file/Locality name file Place name master file/Locality name file

30. Exercise 2: What CSDs comprised Chilliwack CA in 1971? Hint: use Geography tape/attribute files at: Hint: use Geography tape/attribute files at: http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/sda.htm#agg provcdcsd(s) 1971 1981 1991 2001 2006

31. You can accomplish much the same with the Geography tape files in SPSS, with the following syntax:

33. Chasing coded places thru time: Enumeration/dissemination area correspondence files Enumeration/dissemination area correspondence files available 1971/76 to present available 1971/76 to present Census tract correspondence files Census tract correspondence files Available for 1991-1996, 1996-2001, 2001-2006 Available for 1991-1996, 1996-2001, 2001-2006 Prior years in print in census tract profile volumes Prior years in print in census tract profile volumes UT/DLS has created files of 1966-1971 to 1987-1991 UT/DLS has created files of 1966-1971 to 1987-1991 http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/georef.ht mhttp://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/georef.ht m These resources indicate only whether or not there has been a change, not how much These resources indicate only whether or not there has been a change, not how much

34. Exercise 3: What enumeration areas comprised Chilliwack CA? What enumeration areas comprised Chilliwack CA? provfed/cdea/da 1971 1981 1991 2001 2006

35. Exercise 4: Calculate the %British ethnic origin in Chilliwack CA in 1981, in 2006? Calculate the %British ethnic origin in Chilliwack CA in 1981, in 2006?

36. The manual chase Need print maps of the areas at each census Need print maps of the areas at each census A list of print map resources at UT is at: A list of print map resources at UT is at: http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/prmapag.htm Alternatively, use the Official lists (1961-1981), and Geosuite (1996- ) Alternatively, use the Official lists (1961-1981), and Geosuite (1996- ) Note: Official lists are difficult to track down from some censuses, as these were not official publications with DBS/STC catalogue numbers Note: Official lists are difficult to track down from some censuses, as these were not official publications with DBS/STC catalogue numbers

37. Official lists/EA reference list Geography tape file Geosuite 1961print 1971printX 1981printX 1986X 1991X 1996 (in Geosuite) XX 2001 (in Geosuite X 2006 XX 2011

38. Overlay vector files Need vector files for each census. A list of files available at UT, see: Need vector files for each census. A list of files available at UT, see: http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/major/spmapagg.htm Requires appropriate GIS software Requires appropriate GIS software

39. Exercise 5: Using the CHASS analyzer interface at: http://dc2.chass.utoronto.ca/census/1981/ save all 2006 Chilliwack census tracts, for the following variables: British ethnic origin, the appropriate population total, in.dbf format.