1. 1 Infrared Active Open-Path Spectroscopy to Measure Chemical Agents and Hazardous Air Pollutants Robert H. Kagann Spectral Solutions 2895 Bordeaux Blvd Cumming, GA 30041 Spectral Solutions Solutions

2. 2 Homeland Security: The Chemical Threat n Chemical Warfare Agents (CWAs) –Threat: rogue nations and terrorist groups have been stockpiling Chemical Warfare Agents n Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs) –Threat: terrorists could sabotage the present chemical infrastructure to produce large- scale exposure of the homeland community to Toxic Industrial Chemicals

3. 3 OP-FTIR Measurement Configuration

4. 4 FTIR Air-Measurement Technologies: Open-Path and Extractive Both Open-Path Extractive Identify/Quantify most Chemicals Real-Time Technology Advantage Large-scale continuous spatial coverage n n In-Situ n n Remote n n Tomography: – – Source Characterization – – Plume-Concentration Maps Point Measurement at Vulnerable Location (e.g. Air Intake of Buildings)

5. 5 Monitoring at a Chemical Spill (Scotts Bluff R.R. Accident)

6. 6 Tomographic Monitoring Scenario at Chemical Accident

7. 7

8. 8 IR Spectra of 7 CWAs Open-Path FTIR GA GB GD GF HD Lewisite VX Atmosphere

9. 9 Open-Path FTIR Detection Limits for Chemical Warfare Agents

10. 10 Comparison of Measured Spectrum to GD reference GD Reference Measured Spectrum

11. 11 Comparison of IR Spectrum of Triethyl Phosphate to Agent GD CWA Simulant TEP CW Agent GD Atmosphere

12. 12 Field Release Configuration

13. 13 Field Release of CWA Simulant Triethyl Phosphate

14. 14 Open-Path FTIR Measurements of CWA-Simulant Field Releases Run Number ChemicalFirst Detection (ppb) Maximum Level (ppb) Release1Triethyl Phosphate 0.55  0.0666.65  1.0 Release 2Triethyl Phosphate 6.220  0.08336.2  7.1 Release 3Sulfur Hexafluoride 3.71  0.121230.2  5.3 Release 4Sulfur Hexafluoride 9.88  0.20905.4  0.1

15. 15 Open-Path FTIR Defense Applications n Remediation Monitor – Emergency Response –Chem Decom –Facility Closures n Chemical Agent Stockpile Monitor –Safety n Military Facility Perimeter Monitors –Protection against chemical attack n Ground Truth for field testing chemical monitors

16. 16 Fenceline Coverage of Chemical Facility in New York State

17. 17 Open-Path Fenceline Installation in South Carolina Facility

18. 18 Conclusion Open Path FTIR: n Ability to Monitor a Large Number of Chemicals in Real-Time n Valuable Component of an Early Warning Response System to Chemical Attacks and Accidents n Hazardous Levels of CWAs and TICs can be Reported in Seconds n Continuously Monitor the Perimeter of Potential Targets for Release of CWAs and TICS n Combine with Tomography –Locate Emission Sources –Determine Plume-Transport Direction For Community Evacuation Decisions

19. 19 Proposed Perimeter Monitor at a Potential Chemical Target

20. 20 Concentration-Rose Points to Emission Source