1. Class Update Observations Friday, Mar. 27 8-9:30pm University of Minnesota (Telescopes, Star Gazing, & Moon Craters) Print Verification Sheet from calendar Saturday, Mar. 28 7-10pm Eagle Lake Observatory at Baylor Park (Telescopes, Star Gazing, & Moon Craters) Print Verification Sheet Thursday, May 7 5:30-8:30pm Science Museum of Minnesota SPACE exhibit free. Details in email sent last week. Safe Sun Observation Do the prep work. Different assignments for lecture-only and lab students. Details on class website. Handout on back table. Have ready by Mar. 31 – this coming Tuesday. Mar. 31 (most likely), Apr. 2, Apr. 7 or Apr. 9 – Watch email for date All lecture and lab students need to come on this date Lecture for the day and lab for the week ~8:30am to 3:30pm reserve 30 minutes for lecture or 1 hour for lab Test 2 – not finished grading yet Scantron multiple choice score on website soon Writing assignment score on website by Tuesday

2. How Stars and Planets are Born Nasa-Jpl-CalTech

3. Star/Planet Birth Nebula = large gas and dust cloud

4. Star/Planet Birth Piece of nebula contracts due to gravity and shock waves Often other stars forming at same time from other parts of gas cloud

5. Star/Planet Birth That piece of contracting gas cloud Flattens Rotates faster

6. Video Clip – Orion Nebula, Star Birth Region http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/video-audio/381- hiddenuniverse026-Orion-Nebula-Gallery- Explorer-

7. Star/Planet Birth Center: Most matter Protostar  Star Protostar = o Large object o From contraction/collapse of part of a large gas cloud o Will become a star

8. Star/Planet Birth Disk: Smaller objects stick and collide to form larger objects

9. Star/Planet Birth Disk: Warmer near protostar Light elements blown away Cooler further out Light elements like H stay around Water freezes Big, less dense planets form from H

10. Star/Planet Birth Happens within cocoon of gas and dust Often bi-polar jets

11. Star Birth Protostar turns on: Fusion Protostar  Star Strong stellar winds Star/Planet Birth

12. Nebula cleared: –Heavy stuff by Collisions and close encounters Planet Birth –Light stuff by Strong stellar winds Nasa/JPL - Caltech

13. Star/Planet Birth Summary 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

14. Star/Planet Birth Summary 1.Nebula 2.Contracts, flattens, rotates 3.Disk with Protostar 4.Contracts to form Cocoon around Protostar 5.Solar wind blows Cocoon away and left with Star 6.Disk forms Planets

15. Star/Planet Birth Star Birth Simulation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbdwTw B8jtc&playnext=1&list=PLFC84C8CBA3C1 B6D6&feature=results_video

16. Evidence for Star/Planet Birth a. From our solar system b. From outside our solar system

17. Evidence from our Solar System Sun at center (most of mass) Sun and planets – not much else Flat/planar for most part Preferred direction of rotation and revolution Composition (Mostly H, He like stars and gas clouds) ModelToday’s Solar System

18. Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects ModelToday’s Solar System

19. Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects Meteoroids and comets Craters ModelToday’s Solar System

20. Craters

24. http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/images/gaspra.gif 12 mi X 7 mi Gaspra

25. Miranda (Uranus)

26. Craterers Comets Meteoroids

27. Size ~ 1/2 Manhattan (14kmX4km) Comet Tempel 1 http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110216.html Size: ~1/3 Manhattan ~8kmX5km Impacted on July 4, 2005 by part of the Deep Impact probe

28. Evidence from our Solar System Asteroid belt Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud ModelToday’s Solar System

29. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle (SSC) Distant leftovers – Asteroid belt Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud

30. Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects Meteoroids and comets Craters Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud Mini “systems” like Saturn and Jupiter ModelToday’s Solar System

31. Evidence from our Solar System Terrestrial vs. Jovian planets Outer solar system is cooler Big, less dense planets form from H ModelToday’s Solar System

32. Rotation and Revolution How does rotation and revolution happen? Everything is in motion. Random motion causes pockets of rotation/revolution. Why so fast? Angular momentum demo

33. Collisions, close encounters and solar wind clear nebula Light pressure demo – radiometer Demo Video https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=llx qNcipTwAhttps://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=llx qNcipTwA

34. Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects Meteoroids and comets Craters Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud Mini “systems” like Saturn and Jupiter Terrestrial vs. Jovian planets Rotation and revolution ModelToday’s Solar System

35. Evidence for Star/Planet Birth a. From our solar system b. From outside our solar system

36. Evidence from beyond our solar system Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990224.html

37. Pipe Nebula Pipe Nebula – dark area in lower left http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap970621.html

38. http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990511.html

40. http://wordlesstech.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/orion-over-snowy-ireland3.jpg

41. http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap131231.html

42. Orion Nebula – star birth! http://www.telescopes.cc/m42.htm

43. http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060816.html

45. http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap121101.htmlhttp://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap121101.html with Rigel

46. Stars form in groups from the same gas cloud

47. http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap060403.html Stars form in groups from the same gas cloud

48. M33 Strong stellar winds sculpt the nebulae Recall light pressure demo

49. Rosette Nebula 50 ly across 4,500 ly away, Monoceros

50. Trifid Nebula - http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap971208.html

51. Part of Trifid

52. Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Evidence from beyond our solar system

54. Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets

55. Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets

56. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2010/13/image/a/

57. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/3513-ssc2011-03b-North- America-Nebula-Disappears

58. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/images/3511-ssc2011-03c-Babies-in-the-North-America-Nebula

59. Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Disks of material around stars Evidence from beyond our solar system

60. Disks of material around stars

63. Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Disks of material around stars Strong stellar winds sculpt birthing gas clouds Evidence from beyond our solar system

64. Strong stellar winds sculpt birthing gas clouds

67. http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap030630.html

68. Evidence for Star/Planet Birth from Beyond Our Solar System Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Disks of material around stars Strong stellar winds sculpt birthing gas clouds Exoplanets

69. http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA Exoplanet Archive 3/5/2015 1,821 Confirmed Planets 463 Multi-Planets Systems 4,175 Kepler Candidates Kepler Spacecraft 2009 to look for Earth-like planets in the Milky Way Galaxy

70. http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/

71. How to Find Planets Transit (most common currently) Doppler Shift (aka Radial Velocity) Others: http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/page/methods http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/page/methods

72. Finding a planet – Transit Planets can block a little light from their parent star causing a slight dip in the light http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/faq/

73. Finding a planet – Doppler Shift Planets tug on their parent stars causing a slight wobble in the star http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/page/methods

74. First visible light picture of a planet (from Hubble)! - 2008 http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap081114.html

75. Exoplanet Missions Kepler – transit method Spitzer – infrared Hubble – visible CoRoT – ESA decommissioned - transit LBTI – Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer – in Arizona

76. http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/

77. Earth