2. 1 The US Army Post Civil War 1865-1898

3. 2 TLOs and ELOs Understand the effect demobilization and reconstruction had on the US Army Understand the rise of the National Guard and how it differed from the militia of an earlier era Understand the Army’s role in non-military missions of the era Understand the relative isolation of the Army during this period as well as it’s increasing professionalism Understand the significance of the Army’s role in the Frontier Wars.

4. 3 Themes I’d stress: Going from a large convention force to a more historically “normal” force. New missions and challenges- Reconstruction and Indian Wars Looking inward- professional development Technology implemented or ignored Reading from two chapters : –Chapter 13: Darkness and Light: The Interwar Years, 1865-1898 –Chapter 14: Winning the West: The Army in the Indian Wars, 1865- 1890

5. 4 Army Career, 1876?

6. 5 Relevance to Today? The Civil War and large volunteer army Massing on Mexico border- show of force Non-standard missions- stability and support Non-standard missions- fighting an irregular enemy Professional education improvements Questioning relevance of traditional branches

7. 6 Size of the Army (Post Civil War Army) Volunteers –1.2M in May 1865 –400K by Nov 1865 –11K in 1866 –0 in 1867 Regular Army –Held at 54K in 1866 –37K in 1869 –27.5K in 1876 –<25K in 1877 (field strength) –Stays at this level until 1898

8. 7 Organization of the Army (Regular Establishment) 1861-65 - 19 regiments of infantry, 6 of cavalry, 5 of artillery 1866 (Reorganization) - 45 regiments of infantry, 10 of cavalry, 5 of artillery, 6 black regiments (38 th, 39 th, 40 th, & 41 st Infantry, 9 th & 10 th Cavalry), 4 Veteran Reserve Corps 1869 (Consolidation) - 25 regiments of infantry, 10 of cavalry, 5 of Artillery, 4 black regiments (24 th & 25 th Infantry, 9 th & 10 th Cavalry), up to 1000 Indian scouts No brigades, divisions, or corps Smallest Army ever in proportion to U. S. population (63 million in 1890)

9. 8 Employment Reconstruction Civil Disturbances Indian Pacification

10. 9 Reconstruction Army was the primary instrument of Congressional Reconstruction Reconstruction Act of 1867, divided the eleven ex- Confederate States, excluding Tennessee, into five military districts. After about 1867, only 8,100 troops were stationed in the South. Never large enough to guarantee rights of freedmen or overawe Southern population Last Federal troops finally removed from South in 1877

11. 10 US Army role- Johnson’s Reconstruction Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land (1865-69) Relief of blacks and whites in war torn south Admin justice in relationship to freed slaves Management abandoned and confiscated land regulation black labor under new conditions education of blacks

12. 11 Top: Primary school for Freedmen, Vicksburg, MS Bottom: Primary School for Freedmen in charge of Mrs. Green, at Vicksburg, Mississippi.

13. 12 Scalawags Carpetbaggers

14. 13 Grant, CG Stanton, Sec of War 1866: Johnson declares rebellion at an end, and civil government restored Elections of 1866: violence, CSA officials elected Grant issues circular Take orders from Congress if removed Also increases Army’s role in maintaining order

15. 14 US Army role- Radical Reconstruction Maintain order Military districts Enforce laws: Voting Fight white supremacists groups Place in the middle between local officials, citizens, and freed blacks- everyone against them. Sherman (Commanding General after Grant): “No matter what change we may desire in the feelings and thoughts of the people...we cannot accomplish it by force. Nor can we afford to maintain... an army large enough to hold them in subjugation.” Neither Republicans or Democrats “seems to care a damn of the service of the country.”

16. 15 States rejoin Union Democratic rule continues No (violent) vengeance on the losers African-Americans make some gains:  Slavery ends  Freedman schools, public education  Income grew  Legalized families Southern economy remains backwards Corruption taints rebuilding effort For African-Americans:  Never met promises of 14th (male suffrage), 15th Amendments (no right or vote denied based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude)  Allows Jim Crow laws to “legally” circumvent amendments  Blacks still subject to a century of racism and discrimination Results of Reconstruction Positive Negative

17. 16 Civil Disturbances Generally labor disputes and strikes Over 300 - Most notable cases: –Railroad strikes of 1877 - preserve order –Pullman Strike of 1894 - strike-breakers –Militia (National Guard) called upon even more than Regular Army Major success during this period came in 1887 when Congress raised annual appropriation to militia from $200,000 (since 1808) to $400,000

18. 17 National Guard movement 1880s- 1890s 1879- National Guard Association 1881-1892- every state revises their military code Volunteer Soldier of America 1887 The Military Policy of the United States 1904 Emory Upton Sen John Logan

19. 18 Army was isolated from American society Duty was: –Distant from population centers (frontier) –Distasteful (policing strikes) Intellectual trends against a army “Business Pacifism” Wars are obsolete Therefore armies are unnecessary Army Challenges

20. 19 Argument that it created the ethos of the Army still seen today: Professional education system Self policing Apolitical officer corps Expected to operate with little guidance of oversight Isolation of the Army on the Frontier

21. 20 Definition of Professionalism – Initial membership and future advancement required mastery of a body of theoretical knowledge unique to its service. Expertise Responsibility Corporateness Education – Being created during this period Professionalism

22. 21 Development of Army Professionalism The Military Policy of the United States 1904 COL Emory Upton GEN William Sherman RADM Stephen Luce Creation of School of Application for Infantry and Cavalry 1881 Creation of Naval War College, 1884

23. 22 Professionalism (Doctrine) Unofficial –Cavalry Journal –Army-Navy Journal –Journal of the Military Service Institution of the US –Emory Upton (a voice crying in the wilderness, dies young and insane) Official –Only bright spot - “CGSC” at Fort Leavenworth –In 1881, not the same school as today, but the mission is very similar No guiding head, no ‘Official’ Army Doctrine

24. 23 Officer development Lieutenant to Captain - Seniority in the Regiment Major to Colonel – Seniority in the Arm –LT to Major – 24 to 26 Years –Major to Colonel – 33 to 37 Years Aging Officer Corps - No Retirement Pension Until Late 1880s “There will not be one-fourth part of the present field officers in the Army physically capable of supporting the hardships of an active campaign. They will be worn-out old men.” Army and Navy Journal Fredrick Benteen Captain (1866 – 1883)

25. 24 Training Colonel: $3,500 2d Lieutenant: $1,400 Sergeant: $264 Privates: $156 “Small salaries are best for young officers who know little of the real value of money. It teaches them to avoid extravagance and practice economy.” Congressman Banning

26. 25 Training (Personnel) Officer Corps –Aging with stagnant, seniority promotion system –Congressional mandate, < 1/2 pre-war regulars –No retirement pension until late 1880s –Temporary wartime ranks abolished – Generals become captains Enlisted Soldiers –Many foreigners –Inhospitable duty stations –Few incentives to stay –Many reasons to “leave” –Underpaid ($16 to $13/month), and unpaid (Jul-Nov 1877)

27. 26 Soldiers Foreign Paupers –50% of the Ranks –Outstanding Soldiers and NCO’s Turnover –Death –Desertion –Discharge Training –21 Year Old Recruit –3 to 4 Weeks –Basic Skills –Weak Horsemanship and Marksmanship

28. 27 Other sources of manpower “Buffalo Soldiers” –9 th, 10 th Cavalry –38 th, 39 th, 40 th, 41 st Infantry Combined into 24 th and 25 th Infantry 4% desertion rate vs 24% Army average “Indian Scouts” –Various tribes –Played on natural tribal hostilities

29. 28 Equipment

30. 29 Origins of Army customs?

31. 30 Training (Weapons) Civil War weapons were obsolete but plentiful Army made the decision to maintain a single shot rifle Adopted a center-fire cartridge Artillery remains muzzle-loading until Spanish- American War With no allocated funds, marksmanship training is non-existent until 1890s (after several disasters) Enemy is often better armed and supplied

32. 31 New weapons technology ignored Old technology called into question Impact railroads, telegraph, naval developments Technology

33. 32 Indian Pacification “It gives me great pleasure to announce to Congress that the benevolent policy of the Government, steadily pursued for nearly thirty years, in relation to the removal of the Indians beyond the white settlements is approaching to a happy consummation... What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms... ?” President Andrew Jackson message to Congress “On Indian Removal” (1830)

34. 33 Indian Pacification Best known role of the 19 th century US Army Fought 943 engagements between 1865 and 1898 The Army never used more than 4000 troops except in the Sioux War of 1876 and the Nez Perce War of 1877 Included two disasters –Fetterman (80 men) in December 1866 –Custer (250 men) in June 1876 Nature of the struggle –Indians usually fought using hit-and-run tactics –Army struggled with tactics and strategy

35. 34 Army Opponents MAJ GEN Winfield S. Hancock advised Congress in 1876 that Indian Service of the Army was: “Entitled to No Weight” in determining the proper strength, composition, and organization of the Army. Utley Frontier Regulars, 45

36. 35 Indians –Fought as individuals –Tied to forage and families –No hierarchy –Did not believe in decisive combat –Small success was magnified Army –Caught in a “no win” situation –Want to fight a conventional fight –Ability to sustain with rail and rivers –Conduct of winter campaigns –Must be everywhere; small forces piecemealed Army Opponents

37. 36

38. Winning the West The U.S Army in the Indian Wars 1865-1890

39. Indian Wars Bozman Trail & Hancock’s War 1866-1868 Cheyenne/Arapahoe Nez Perce Kiowa Apache Comanche Sioux Modoc Modoc Colville Walla Steilacoom Vancouver Klamath Churchill Halleck Douglas Bridger Fetterman Reno Laramie D.A. Russell McPherson Kearney Omaha Randall Sully Leavenworth Harker Larned Dodge Richardson Griffin Concho Stockton Davis Quitman Bliss Stanton Seldon Cummings Bayard Bowie Lowell McDowell Verde Yuma Apache Wingate Union Bascom Sumner Garland Lyon Boise Hall Ellis Buford Benton Shaw Clark Phil Kearny C.F. Smith Riley Hayes Wallace

40. Cheyenne/Arapahoe Nez Perce Kiowa Apache Sioux Modoc Modoc Comanche Indian Wars Southern Plains War 1868-1869 Cheyenne/Arapaho Kiowa/Comanche Sioux McPherson Kearney Omaha Colville Walla Steilacoom Vancouver Klamath Churchill Halleck Douglas Bridger Laramie D.A. Russell Randall Sully Leavenworth Riley Hayes Harker Larned Dodge Wallace Supply Sill Richardson Griffin Concho Stockton Davis Quitman Bliss Stanton Seldon Cummings Bayard Bowie Lowell McDowell Verde Yuma Apache Wingate Union Bascom Sumner Garland Lyon Boise Hall Ellis Buford Benton Shaw Clark Phil Kearny C.F. Smith Fetterman Reno

41. Nez Perce Apache Sioux Modoc Modoc Indian Wars Apache 1871-75 Red River War 1874-75 Sioux War 1876 Cheyenne/Arapaho Kiowa/Comanche Colville Walla Steilacoom Vancouver Klamath Churchill Halleck Douglas Bridger Laramie D.A. Russell Randall Sully Leavenworth Harker Larned Dodge Supply Richardson Griffin Concho Stockton Davis Quitman Bliss Stanton Seldon Cummings Bayard Bowie Lowell McDowell Verde Yuma Apache Wingate Union Bascom Sumner Garland Lyon Boise Hall Ellis Buford Benton Shaw Clark Phil Kearny C.F. Smith Sioux McPherson Kearney Omaha Harker Riley Hayes Wallace Robinson Yates Huachuca Thomas Meade Keogh Abraham Lincoln Sill Fetterman Reno

42. Nez Perce Modoc Modoc Indian Wars (North West) Modoc War 1872-73 Nez Perce War 1877 Cheyenne/Arapaho Kiowa/Comanche Sioux Sioux Colville Walla Steilacoom Vancouver Klamath Churchill Halleck Douglas Bridger Laramie D.A. Russell Randall Sully Leavenworth Harker Larned Dodge Supply Richardson Griffin Concho Stockton Davis Quitman Bliss Stanton Seldon Cummings Bayard Bowie Lowell McDowell Verde Yuma Apache Wingate Union Bascom Sumner Garland Lyon Boise Hall Ellis Buford Benton Shaw Clark Phil Kearny C.F. Smith Modoc/ Klamath Nez Perce McPherson Omaha Harker Riley Hayes Wallace Kearney Robinson Yates Abraham Lincoln Huachuca Thomas Meade Keogh Sill Missoula Lapwai Fetterman Reno

43. 42 Questions?