1. Safety on Call CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS & ENTRY

2. Safety on Call WHAT YOU WILL LEARN What is a Confined Space Hazards of Confined Spaces Basic Entry Requirements

3. Safety on Call GENERAL REQUIREMENTS All employees required to enter confined or enclosed spaces must be instructed in: – Nature of the hazards. – Necessary precautions to be taken. – Use of protective and emergency equipment.

4. Safety on Call WHAT IS A CONFINED SPACE? Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work. Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited means of entry.) Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.

5. Safety on Call WHAT IS A PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE? A Permit-required confined space is confined space that has one or more of the following characteristics…

6. Safety on Call PERMIT REQUIRED SPACES Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere. Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant. Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross- section. Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.

7. Safety on Call TYPICAL CONFINED SPACES Boilers & Furnaces Pipelines Pits Process Vessel Silo & Storage Tanks Sewer & Manholes Trenches & Excavations

8. Safety on Call HAZARDS OF CONFINED SPACES Atmospheric Physical Configuration Mechanical Electrical Thermal Noise Vibration Engulfment or Entrapment

9. Safety on Call CONTROLLING CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS Each Confined Space has different hazards. Hazards can also change with time and usage. – Post signs to warn of the dangers. – Use barriers to prevent uncontrolled access – Develop and use a written space entry program.

10. Safety on Call CONTROLLING CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS Conduct air monitoring and tests to identify and evaluate hazards. Define acceptable entry conditions. Monitor entry conditions. Eliminate or control the space's atmospheric hazards before entry. Lockout all internal hazards prior to entry.

11. Safety on Call ENTRY POINT HAZARDS Small Openings make entry and rescue difficult. Sharp edges can tear protective clothing or air lines. Temporary ladders and vent gear can make even large openings difficult to transit. Vertical entry points are fall hazards.

12. Safety on Call VENTILATION NEEDED Deadly gases can be trapped inside. Rotting Organic materials create hazardous gases. Pipe leaks, welding, system material can create hazardous atmospheres. Rust consumes the oxygen you need.

13. Safety on Call ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres Flammable Atmospheres Toxic Atmospheres Corrosive Atmospheres Asphyxiating Atmospheres

14. Safety on Call OXYGEN DEFICIENT 19.5 % is the minimum acceptable oxygen level for work with out an air supplied respirator. 12-14% - Poor judgment. 10-12% - Lips blue Mental Confusion. 8-10% - Fainting & Nausea. 6-8% - Causes Death.

15. Safety on Call ASPHYXIATING ATMOSPHERES Reduction of oxygen in a confined space may be the result of either consumption or displacement. Consumption of oxygen takes place during: – Combustion of flammable substances. – Bacterial action, as in the fermentation process. – Chemical reactions as in the formation of rust.

16. Safety on Call OXYGEN ENRICHED Oxygen level above 21%. Causes flammable and combustible materials to burn violently when ignited. Such as: – Hair, clothing, oil soaked materials. Never use pure oxygen to ventilate. Never store or place compressed gas tanks in a confined space.

17. Safety on Call FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERES Required Factors: – Oxygen – Flammable Gas, Vapor or Dust – Ignition Source  Welding  Electric Tools  Sparks  Smoking

18. Safety on Call FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERES Caused by: – Enriched oxygen atmospheres. – Vaporization of flammable liquids. – Byproducts of work. – Chemical reactions. – Concentrations of combustible dusts. – Fumes from chemicals on inner surfaces.

19. Safety on Call TOXIC ATMOSPHERES Material in space: – Absorbed materials can “gas off”. – Decomposition of materials. Work being performed: – Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering – Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing – Sealing, bonding, melting – Cleaning, de-scaling

20. Safety on Call CORROSIVE ATMOSPHERES Corrosive atmospheres can be not only a respiratory problems but also cause skin exposure reactions and damage to your nervous system though skin absorption or breathing. – Examples of Corrosives:  Bleach  Ammonia  Acids

21. Safety on Call PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION HAZARDS The use and shape of a space can create hazardous conditions: – Use of Ladders & Scaffolding. – Wet or slippery surfaces. – Uneven bottoms. – Bends in tunnels. – Narrow areas that can entrap workers. – Poor lighting. Use retrieval & fall protection when possible.

22. Safety on Call MECHANICAL HAZARDS Some confined spaces have unguarded mechanical equipment such as: – Paddles – Blades – Shafts – Chain or belt drives All equipment must be Locked and Tagged before entry.

23. Safety on Call ELECTRICAL HAZARDS Electric Shock is a possible hazard in Confined Spaces. Hazard Sources include:  Broken lighting.  Electrical sensing devices.  Limit switches.  Level indicating devices.  Hazards from equipment taken inside.

24. Safety on Call TEMPERATURE HAZARDS High and Low Temperatures are Hazards – Burns – Frostbite – Heat Stress Wearing Protective clothing can increase the heat stress on a worker.

25. Safety on Call WORKER COMFORT Factors affecting worker comfort: – Air temperature – Air velocity though the space – Humidity – Radiant heat – Protective Clothing – Activities

26. Safety on Call ENGULFMENT HAZARDS Engulfment is the entrapment of a person by the contents of a space. – Liquids – Small granular product such as grain. – Crusting or Bridging of material. – Flooding – Water Flow

27. Safety on Call ENGULFMENT HAZARDS Completely empty the contents before entry. Use retrieval and fall arrest equipment to prevent sinking into contents of a space.

28. Safety on Call NOISE HAZARDS Noise creates a hazard by: – Causing hearing loss. – Preventing communication. – Lowering worker's effectiveness. Eliminate noise sources prior to entry. Use proper hearing protection.

29. Safety on Call SURFACE HAZARDS Slippery, Wet or Damp Surfaces – Slips & Falls – Chemical exposure. – Possible increased chance of electric shock. – Uneven surfaces.

30. Safety on Call VIBRATION HAZARDS Vibration of the body can cause damage to the body. Using Vibrating tools can cause damage to fingers & hand. Eliminate equipment vibrations prior to entry. Use Vibration dampening tools & gloves.

31. Safety on Call BASIC CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PROCEDURE All entrants, supervisors and entry attendants must be fully qualified: 1.Conduct Pre-Entry Briefing. 2.Assemble and check equipment. 3.Establish Acceptable Entry Conditions. 4.Conduct initial air sampling. 5.Execute & Complete Entry Permit. 6.Station Entry Attendant.

32. Safety on Call ENTRY (CONTINUED) 7.Establish Monitoring of Atmosphere 8.Establish Communication 9.Execute Hot Work Permit if applicable 10.Post Confined Space Entry Permit 11.Enter Space 12.Post–entry debrief if problems were encountered

33. Safety on Call TESTING THE ATMOSPHERE Verify presence of safe work atmosphere. – Calibrate Air Monitoring Equipment before use. – Test all areas of a confined space.  Top, Middle & Bottom.  Check for Explosive & Toxic Gases.  Check Oxygen level. – Record all readings.

34. Safety on Call VENTILATION Consider best of exhaust or supply or both. Provide work zone exhaust if welding. Plan ventilation supply and exhaust paths. Ensure no “re-circulation” of air supply. Use continuous ventilation. Retest the confined space before and during entry.

35. Safety on Call LOCKOUT! Lock & tagging ALL electrical sources. Blank & bleeding fluid lines. Disconnect mechanical drives &shafts. Secure mechanical parts. Lock & Tag all valves.

36. Safety on Call RESCUE TEAM A qualified rescue team and rescue equipment must be available for entry into all Permit Required Confined Spaces. Qualified Entry Attendant must be in constant communication with workers in the space. Entry Attendant must have source of communication with the Rescue Team.

37. Safety on Call SUMMARY All persons involved in Permit Required Confined Space Entry must be qualified: – Supervisor – Attendants – Entrants – Rescue Team Confined Spaces are Dangerous Places – Know how to control or eliminate hazards.