1. CONSUMPTION OF UNSAFE FOODS: EVIDENCE FROM HEAVY METAL, MINERAL AND TRACE ELEMENT CONTAMINATION (ToR # 16) Team Members Dr. M. Rafiqul Islam Dr. M. Jahiruddin Dr. Md. Rafiqul Islam Dr. Md. A. Alim Dr. Md. Akteruzzaman

2. Food security and Food contamination Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to enough safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy lifestyle (World Food Summit 1996) Sources of food Contamination  Heavy metals  Pesticide residues  Hormone residues  Chemicals for ripening of fruits & vegetables  Microbiological contamination  Food adulteration  Use of contaminated water

3. Major Routes of Heavy Metal Contamination: Example arsenic Fish

4. OBJECTIVES i)Assess the concentration of major foods and beverages consumed by poor and non-poor households for heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Co, Hg, Sb, Li and As), minerals (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo Se, Al, Ni and Cr) ii)Assess the extent of exposure to heavy metals, minerals and trace elements through food intake by poor and non-poor households and the potential health implications iii) Draw implications and to provide suggestions for actions to reduce contamination

5. METHODOLOGY

6. LocationFood access toHousehold category 1. GulshanUpper Income groupNon-poor (>2122 Kcal/day/person) 2. KawranbazarMiddle income group 3. HazaribaghLow income groupPoor (<2122 Kcal/day/person) FOOD SAMPLING  Each food sample was collected from 10 different shops of Kawranbazar and Hazaribagh and 3 supermarkets & 7 shops of Gulshan market  Standard operating procedures were followed for processing of food samples (NIN, 2009)

7. Food groupSample # Food GroupSample # 1. Cereal89. Oil2 2. Pulses410. Fruit9 3. Fish811. Drinks6 4. Egg112. Sugar & Molasses2 5. Meat413. Dinning out3 6. Vegetables1814. Spices7 7.Milk & dairy215. Chewing2 8.Sweetmeat316. Tap water1 Total for each location80 Food Samples Collected  Food samples were cooked with enough water just to boil, with no salt

8. Market situations in Bangladesh: Some Examples Hazaribagh

9. Market situations in Bangladesh: Some Examples Gulshan

10. PROCESSING AND COOKING OF FOODS: RICE  Weight of the parboiled rice (coarse and fine grain) recorded  Washed with tap water  Cooked by both absorption and draining methods  Excess water discarded in case of draining out method  Weight of the cooked rice recorded YIELD FACTOR  A sub-sample was kept in oven to obtain dry weight

11. Processing of Food Samples Sweetgourd, Jackfruit, Fish, Meat

12. Cooking and Processing Inert and non-metallic mortar & pestle Cooking in gas stove Drying in oven Foods in powder form

13. Chemical analysis Digestion Food samples were digested with Ultrapure grade HNO 3 and H 2 O 2 using the digestion block at 115 °C. Determination of elements Digested samples were analyzed for elements using ICP-MS in the laboratory of SGS Bangladesh Ltd Dhaka Reliability The reliability of the procedure for the estimation of all elements was assessed by analyzing the Certified Reference Material GBW(E)080684.

14. RESULTS

15. EDIBLE COEFFICIENT AND YIELD FACTOR OF COOKED VEGETABLES

16. ELEMENT CONCENTRATION

17. FoodsElementsGulshanK. BazarH. Bazar Fine Rice Ca ++ K ++++ Mg ++ Coarse Rice Ca ++++++ K ++++ Mg +++ Lentil Ca ++++++ K +++++ Mg ++ + Prawn Ca ++++++ K +++++ Mg ++ COMPARATIVE STATUS OF MINERALS IN FOODS FROM THREE MARKETS + Low, ++ Medium, +++ High

18. Food ItemsElementsGulshanK. BazarH. Bazar Farm chicken Ca ++++++ K ++++++ Mg ++++++ Cauliflower Ca ++++++ K +++ Mg ++++++ Apple Ca ++++++ K + Mg ++++ Onion Ca ++++++ K + Mg ++++++ COMPARATIVE STATUS OF MINERALS IN FOODS FROM THREE MARKETS

19. Food ItemsElementsGulshanK. BazarH. Bazar Fine Rice Zn ND Mn +++++++ Cu ++ + Coarse Rice Zn ND Mn ++++++ Cu ++ Lentil Zn ND Mn ++ + Cu ++++++ Prawn Zn +++++ Mn ++++++ Cu +++++ COMPARATIVE STATUS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN FOODS FROM THREE MARKETS + Low, ++ Medium, +++ High

20. Food Items ElementsGulshanK. BazarH. Bazar Farm Chicken Zn ND Mn +++ Cu ++++++ Cauliflower Zn ND Mn ++++ Cu ++++ Apple Zn ND Mn ++++++ Cu +++++ Onion Zn ND Mn ++++++ Cu +++ COMPARATIVE STATUS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN FOODS FROM THREE MARKETS

21. COMPARATIVE STATUS OF HEAVY METALS IN FOODS FROM THREE MARKETS Food Items ElementsGulshanK. BazarH. Bazar Fine Rice As ++++++ Cd ++++++ Hg +++ Pb +++++ Coarse Rice As ++++++ Cd +++++ Hg +ND Pb +++++ Lentil As ND Cd ND Hg ND Pb ++++++ Prawn As +++ Cd ++++++ Hg +++ND Pb +++

22. Food ItemsElementsGulshanK. BazarH. Bazar Farm Chicken As ND Cd ND Hg ++++++ Pb ++++++ Cauliflower As ND+ Cd ++++ Hg ND Pb ++ +++ Apple As +ND Cd ND Hg ND Pb ++++++ Onion As +ND Cd +++ Hg ND Pb +++ COMPARATIVE STATUS OF HEAVY METALS IN FOODS FROM THREE MARKETS

23. Wheat  Mn & Cu conc. for ata higher in Gulshan, Chromium, Lithium, Antimony, Mercury: Below detection limit for both rice and wheat

24. Sources of Heavy metals Heavy MetalsSources of Pollution Arsenic Soil minerals Irrigation water Wood preservatives Pesticides Cadmium Soil minerals Sewage sludge Metal melting and refining Paints Lead Soil minerals Batteries Combustion of fossil fuels metallurgical industries Fertilizers Sewage sludge Semi-conductors Mercury Coal fired power station Fossil fuel burning Batteries Pesticides Chlorine manufacture

25. CALCULATION OF DIETARY EXPOSURE

26. CALCULATION OF DIETARY EXPOSURE Steps  Concentration of elements in in fresh weight of individual food item  Get the individual food item intake by poor and non-poor household in Dhaka city Dietary Exposure = Food chemical concentration x food consumption amount  Plot the data of 100 household of each of poor and non-poor household for a particular element  Compare with the Acceptable daily intake (ADI) for heavy metals and Recommended daily intake (RDI) for minerals and trace elements

27. Per capita Intake of Major Food Items (g) Food ItemsPoorNon-poor Rice406.19420.52 Wheat20.3628.73 Potato63.4473.78 Pulses10.1516.22 Vegetables141.80177.25 Edible oil14.2023.41 Onion15.6924.74 Beef1.559.27 Mutton0.110.83 Chicken4.1115.09 Eggs3.409.02 Fish31.1657.81 Milk & Milk products12.1843.63 Fruits20.4656.00 Sugar/Gur3.3210.88 Food taken outside17.7035.41 Miscellaneous50.2881.81 Total816.221084.53 HIES, 2010

28. Dietary Exposure of Cadmium from Rice  Cadmium (Cd) level in rice: 0.2 mg/kg  Rice intake by poor: 406 g/day  Cd intake from rice: 406x0.2=0.0812 mg/day =2.436 mg/month  Provisional Tolerable Monthly Intake: 0.025mg/kg body weight (WHO, 2011)  An adult having body weight of 70 kg can tolerate the intake of 1.75mg Cd/month  Intake of 406 g rice/day having 0.2 mg Cd/kg is contributing 139% of the PTMI

29. RDI and UL of minerals and trace elements for adult male ElementsRDI (per day) UL (per day) Calcium1000 mg2500 mg Magnesium400 mg - Sodium1500 mg2300 mg Potassium3800 mgND Iron8 mg45 mg Zinc11 mg40 mg Manganese2.3 mg11 mg Copper0.9 mg10 mg Selenium55 µg400 µg Molybdenum45 µg2000 µg Cobalt29 µgND

30. Reference Health standards for toxic heavy metals Toxic heavy metals Reference Health Standard (mg/kg body wt) Source Aluminium1.0 (PTWI ^ )JECFA 74 (2010) Antimony2.3 mg/kg body wtwww.strobel.comwww.strobel.com/ antimony _risks.htm) ArsenicNoneJECFA 72 (2010) Cadmium0.025 mg/kg body wt (PTMI * ) WHO (2011) Chromium 0.06  g/kg body wt WHO (1996); NAS (1989) LeadNoneJECFA 73 (2010) Hg-Inorg. 0.004  g/kg body wt WHO (2011b) Hg-Organic 0.0016  g/kg body wt JECFA 72 (2010) ^ PTWI = Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake * PTMI = Provisional Tolerable Monthly Intake ˇPMTDI = Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake

31. CONCLUSION Minerals conc. of foods generally higher in Gulshan followed by K. bazar and H. bazar. Heavy metals conc. Generally higher in H. bazar followed by K. bazar and Gulshan. Elements Li, Sb and Cr conc. below detection limit. Dietary risk exposure is yet to be calculated.

33. Permissible limit of heavy metals in foods Heavy MetalsPermissible limitReference Cadmium0.5 mg/kgFAO, 1983 LeadNone ArsenicNone Mercury (inorganic) None Zinc30 mg/kgFAO, 1983 Copper30 mg/kgFAO, 1983