1. Plant Sterols Roles in Margarines Pennington Biomedical Research Center Division of Education Heli J. Roy PhD Shanna Lundy, BS Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director

2. 2005 2 Phytochemicals, or “plant chemicals,” have been studied recently in an effort to explain why the consumption of fruits and vegetables may help prevent coronary heart disease Of the three types of phytochemicals, namely plant sterols, flavonoids, and plant sulfur compounds, only plant sterols have been incorporated into margarine spreads Overview…

3. 2005 3 Plant sterols are naturally occurring components of plant cell membranes just as cholesterol is a part of animal cell membranes The three most abundant sterols are: Beta-sitosterol Campesterol stigmasterol Plant Sterols Cell membrane

4. 2005 4 It was recognized in the 1950s that plant sterols lowered serum concentrations of cholesterol Their chemical appearance is rather similar to cholesterol, but they are not found in any significant abundance in eukaryotic cells Plant sterols and their derivatives act in the small bowel by competitively inhibiting intestinal absorption of cholesterol Plant Sterols Thus lower serum concentrations of cholesterol are observed

5. 2005 5 A meta-analysis of 18 clinical trials supporting the efficacy of action of spreads containing plant sterols and stanols suggests that regular consumption of 2 g per day of these materials, compared with margarine alone, lowers LDL cholesterol concentrations by at least: 0.5 mmol/L for individuals aged 50-59 years And 0.4 mmol/L for individuals aged 40-49 years At this level of LDL lowering, a reduction in heart disease risk of 25% would be expected in the populations! Benefits Larger than the effect that could be expected to be achieved by people reducing their intake of saturated fat!

6. 2005 6 Take Control and Benecol Margarine-like spreads that have recently been authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to include cholesterol lowering claims on their labels Both are available in the dairy case of your local supermarket The FDA authorizes the claims based on the evidence that the plant sterol and stanol esters in these products may help lower LDL cholesterol, without effecting HDL, reducing the risk of coronary heart disease in some individuals

7. 2005 7 Yes, however research indicates that both of the cholesterol-lowering margarines work equally well Benecol is composed of plant stanols, which are hydrogenated forms of plant sterols This type of margarine is synthetically produced as plant stanols exist only in small quantities in nature Take Control contains unprocessed plant sterols, which are abundantly available Any Difference in Take Control and Benecol?

8. 2005 8 Benecol The key ingredient in Benecol is a plant stanol ester,derived from pine trees Been shown to have a cholesterol lowering effect by reducing absorption Benecol

9. 2005 9 The effective daily dose of Benecol is 1.5 tablespoons a day eaten in three servings of 1.5 teaspoons Unlike Take Control, the Benecol regular spread can be used for cooking and baking However, Benecol light is not recommended for cooking Benecol

10. 2005 10 Uses unmodified plant sterols extracted from soybeans as its active ingredient The plant sterols inhibit cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, lowering blood cholesterol levels Take Control

11. 2005 11 Recommendations include using one tablespoon of Take Control as a spread twice a day as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol Contains 50 calories per tablespoon, which is half of that found in regular margarine Cannot be used for cooking if the cholesterol- fighting effect of the margarine is hoped to be maintained because the plant sterols break down when heated Take Control

12. 2005 12 1.5 tablespoons of Benecol contains 120 kcal, 13.5 g of fat, and 1.5 g saturated fat 1.5 tablespoons of Take Control contains 75 kcal, 9 g fat, and 1.5 g saturated fat Information.

13. 2005 13 Cost is $5.00 per 8 oz. TubCost is $4.00 per 12 oz. tub Cost BenecolTake Control

14. 2005 14 The most important concern about plant sterols is that they reduce the absorption of some fat soluble vitamins Randomized trials have shown that plant sterols and stanols have lowered blood concentrations of beta carotene, alpha carotene, and vitamin E by 25, 10, and 8%, respectively Since these vitamins protect LDL cholesterol from oxidation, a good recommendation would be to consume more fruit and vegetables to counter the decrease in absorption Safety?

15. 2005 15 Future Areas of Research… Include possible inverse links between plant sterol consumption (beta-sitosterol) and cancer risk Compared with a cholesterol control, beta-sitosterol provided to LNCaP cells, a human prostate cancer cell line, retarded cell growth rate by 24% Because prostate cancer occurs worldwide and is the second main cause of cancer-related death in men, future work will undoubtedly be focused in this area

16. 2005 16 Sites… http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/320/7238/861 http://cats.med.uvm.edu/cats_teachingmod/family_practice/module s/nutrition/margarines/margarines.html http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/166/12/1555 http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/columnnn/nn001226.html