1. Post-Harvest Handling and Marketing of African Indigenous Vegetables
Author
Ojiewo C
Guga Y.
Tenkouano A.
Yang RY
Image here

2. AVRDC In Africa….since 1992 Uzbekistan Korea Taiwan Laos Thailand
Indonesia
Solomon
Islands
India
Syria?
Madagascar
Tanzania
Mali
Niger
Cameroon
Vietnam
Honduras?

3. Vegetable R&D in Africa
Collaborative Network for Vegetable Research and Development in Eastern and Southern Africa (CONVERDS, SADC)
focus on human resource development and networking for delivery of promising products and techniques – about 6000 alumni from 30+ countries
assembly of diverse array of indigenous vegetables – about 2000 accessions
Light structure - basic field facilities and small research team

4. Achievements – Variety releases
Crop
Varieties released
Country
Tomato 17
(Kiboko, Meru, Tanya, Tengeru 97, Little Cherry, Creeper, Big Red, Xin, Mbambande, Khama, Xin, Samtom 13, Samtom 14, Samtom 15, MST20/13, Xina, Tropiva 3)
Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Mauritius, Cape Verde, Nigeria, Senegal, Seychelles, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi
Vegetable soybean 4
(Edamame1, VSS1, VSS2, <AGS292>)
Sudan, Zimbabwe, Mauritius
African eggplant 2
(Tengeru White, DB3)
Tanzania
Okra 1
(ARP1, BARI Dhirosh)
Tanzania, Uganda
(BEN, BKF, CIV, GAM, MLI, SNL)
African nightshade
(Giant Nightshade)
Kenya
Cowpea
(Tumaini)
Pepper
(F1 Forever, Remington, CRI-Shito Adope, CRI-MakoNtoos)
Senegal, Ghana, South Africa

5. Major national impacts: Tanzania
Increasing productivity over the past 7 years due to new lines/ varieties by AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center and NARS partners (MAFS, 2005)
+ 40%

6. Going Further to Deliver - Working Hypothesis
No or little access to improved varieties
and foundation seed thereof has been a major impediment to the development of a viable private vegetable seed industry in Sub-Sahara Africa
Use our Science and Networks
Develop and Promote a Vegetable Business Route to Health and Wealth

7. Seeds Systems and Other Vegetable R&D Thrusts

8. Partner Seed Companies
Selling
Testing
Not Involved
Hub
Seed Company
Amaranth
Afr. Eggplant
Nighshade
Eth. Mustard
Roselle
Spiderplant
Cowpea
Okra
Jute Mallow
Crotalaria
Tomato
Onion
Sw & Hot Pepper
Cabbage
TAN
Alpha Seeds
Kibo Seeds
East Africa Seeds
Simlaw Seeds
Victoria Seeds
Fica Seeds
MDG
Pristine Seeds
Dengo Seeds
SEEDFAS
SEMANA (Tropicasem)
CAM
G.M.R
Semagri - Technisem
MLI
Mali Semences (Tropicasem)
FASO KABA

9. Untapped Opportunities
75% of all seed companies in Asia sell varieties which include some germplasm originating from AVRDC
African seed companies being supported for selection, breeding and seed production
Alfa Seed Co (Tanzania, South Africa)
East African Seed Co (Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda)
Kibo Seed Co (Tanzania)
Mt. Elgon Seed Co (Uganda)
SeedCo (Zimbabwe, Malawi)
Simlaw Seed Co (Kenya)
Tropicasem (Senegal)
Victoria Seed Co (Uganda)

10. Economic Value of Vegetables (Kakamega market, Kenya)
Source: Onyango, 2002

11. Contribution of Vegetables to Exports (Kenya,2006)
Commodity
Production (Ha)
Export Volumes (Kgs)
Export Values (Billion Kshs)
Flowers
2,424
86,480
23,561
Vegetables
222,731
61,348
17,823
Fruits
152,522
15,405
1,737
Total
377,677
163,233
43,120

12. Yearly Cost of compliance with GlobalGAP standards
Cost incurred by individual farmer
Cost incurred by exporter per farmer
Requirement
Cost (KSh)
Application as a legal business & for water permit per year
1,600
Internal audits
530
Toilet and bathroom
12,500
Pre audits (paid once)
1,250
Grading shed
1,500
Certification audits
1,650
Fertilizer & chemical store
7,500
Capacity building
2,333
Waste & pesticide disposal pit
3,250
MRLs testing
875
Charcoal cooler
Water analysis 28
Office
667
Soil analysis
First aid kit
900
Organic fertilizer test 33
Sprayer equipments
6,575
Quality controller salary
417
Harvesting buckets
195
Technical assistant salary
Record keeping
420
Total
36,607
(508 US$)
8,394
(115 US$)

13. For farmers near cities, it is difficult to find a reliable but unpolluted water source thus compromising vegetable consumer health
For farmers near cities, it is difficult to find a reliable but unpolluted water source. Approx 20 mill ha are worldwide irrigated with polluted water sources.
Only in the city of Accra, every day more than 200,000 urban dwellers eat fast food with vegetables from these urban farms.
Photo from Kumasi, Ghana.

14. Health risk reduction is possible at critical control points
Typical faecal coliform concentration on wastewater-irrigated lettuce in Ghana: 106 to 107
per 100 gm of fresh lettuce
Improved practices can reduce at the:
Farm level: log units of E. coli
Market level: ≥ 1 log units
Kitchen level: log units
And also
Farm level: % of the worm eggs
Best are combinations of risk reducing interventions at the farm, market and kitchen level to effectively reduce health risks for conusmers.
IWMI is working on the adoption potential and incentive systems for the various options.

15. Peri-urban Vegetable Production
Addressing important issues:
Job creation
Reduced seasonality
Safer vegetables for consumers
Improved marketing systems

16. No. of samples with aflatoxin B1 in the range (g/kg)
Aflatoxin B1 levels in different grades of chilli samples from AP South India
Sample grade (chilli)
Number analyzed
No. of samples with aflatoxin B1 in the range (g/kg)
<10
11-30
31-30
51-100
>100
Grade 1 42 21 16 3 1
Grade 2 38 13 10 6 4 2
Grade 3 44 11
Cold store 15 12
Powders 43 26

17. Sources of Indigenous Vegetables
Home gardens main source in Eastern Africa
But: in Tanzania 20% purchased (rural sample!)

18. Relative importance of IV in total food expenditure
In Eastern Africa relative importance of IV decreases with increasing food expenditures
Important food source for the very poor

19. African eggplant in local markets

20. African Leafy vegetables in Informal Markets

21. High Value Markets
A. Nightshade and amaranth

22. Drying methods affects Carotenoid content in African nightshades

23. Transport

24. A Lack of Post-harvest storage & processing: Up to 50% of vegetable crops are lost from field to shelf

25. Antioxidant activity, TE
Micronutrient contents of selected commonly consumed and indigenous vegetables
Data source: AVRDC Nutrition Lab
Ranges: including >100 vegetable species
Ranges
Tomato
Cabbage
Moringa
Amaranth
Aibika
Sweet potato leaf
b-Carotene,mg
0.40
0.00
15.28
9.23
5.11
6.82
Vit C, mg 19 22
459
113 82 81
Vit E, mg
1.16
0.05
25.25
3.44
4.51
4.69
Iron, mg
0.2 – 26
0.54
0.30
10.09
5.54
1.40
1.88
Folates, mg
2.8 – 175 5 ND 93 78
177 39
Antioxidant activity, TE
,000
323
496
2858
394
560
870

26. Important Indigenous Vegetable Crops in Africa
Ethiopian mustard
(Brassica carinata)
Pumpkin
(Curcubita pepo)
African eggplant
(Solanum aethiopicum)
Amaranth
(Amaranthus cruentus)
Moringa
(Moringa Olifera)
Spider-plant
(Gynandropsis gynandra)
Jute mallow
(Corchorus olitorius)
Sunhemp
(Crotolaria ochroleuca)

27. Precursors - Nutritional Kits
Awareness & Promotion:
Training in growing, processing, preservation and cooking
Tanzania (2007) seed packs distributed
Home Gardens (6 m x 6 m):
170 to 250 kg of vegetables produced over a year
Seed Production:
28 seed companies in ESA engaged alongside AVRDC

28. African Vegetable Dishes --Nutrition Improved Recipes

29. Need for quality control post harvest
Inadequate grading
Inadequate washing
Inadequate packaging
Lack of cold storage
Lack of essential infrastructure

30. Improving food supply by reducing postharvest loss
Reducing postharvest losses for fresh produce is an integral part of sustainable agricultural development
Percentage of funding provided for horticultural development efforts over the past 30 years 5%
95%
Reducing postharvest loss
Increasing production
Source: Kader and Rolle 2004

31. Value Chains ….. also a Chain of Values
$$$$
Safe Production
(GAP)
Healthy Living
High return (Income, Social Capital) on investment (Labor, Time, Water, Land, Inputs)