1. Understanding Rural America Joe Collins

2. Introduction “This report aims to provide objective information about the changes taking place in and the diversity of rural America. Toward the end, the report looks at change and diversity from several angles - its people and places, its economies and industries, its concerns and future. The report begins by examining the shifts in rural employment, population, and well-being, continues by analyzing six county types, and concludes by outlining key realities that effective rural policy will need to recognize.” (ERS, 1992)

3. Is Rural America Unique? The People and Places in Rural America, certainly depend upon many things in order to function properly. Likewise, many communities within Rural America, have hardships and problems that remain unsolved at the present time.

4. Rural America is a Vital and Changing part of our Nation Rural America today comprises:Rural America today comprises: 2,288 counties2,288 counties 83% of the Nation’s land83% of the Nation’s land Home to 21% (5 million) of the people of the United StatesHome to 21% (5 million) of the people of the United States Supplies 18% of all the Nation’s jobs (Manufacturing, Mining, Recreational Services, and of course Agriculture)Supplies 18% of all the Nation’s jobs (Manufacturing, Mining, Recreational Services, and of course Agriculture) Supplies 14% of the Nation’s earnings.Supplies 14% of the Nation’s earnings.

5. Rural Employment is shifting from farming to manufacturing FarmingFarming Once considered synoymous with “rural”, unfortunately that is no longer the case.Once considered synoymous with “rural”, unfortunately that is no longer the case. It is still the single largest user of rural land, but it no longer dominates rural industry.It is still the single largest user of rural land, but it no longer dominates rural industry.

6. Farming “The decline of farming employment is, in many ways a consequence of success. Improvements in technology, crop science, and farm management have all boosted output while reducing the need for labor. Productivity growth has in turn, led to farm consolidation, declining farm numbers, decreases in farm employment, and consequently a surplus of farm labor. Thus, the ability to produce more with less, while benefiting many, has caused economic hardship for others (ERS, 1992).”“The decline of farming employment is, in many ways a consequence of success. Improvements in technology, crop science, and farm management have all boosted output while reducing the need for labor. Productivity growth has in turn, led to farm consolidation, declining farm numbers, decreases in farm employment, and consequently a surplus of farm labor. Thus, the ability to produce more with less, while benefiting many, has caused economic hardship for others (ERS, 1992).”

7. Rural Population is Growing in some areas, but Declining in others. In the 1970’s, Migration to rural areas increased.In the 1970’s, Migration to rural areas increased. In the 1980’s, Migration trend reversed and turned into a time of crisis for the farm as well as a recession for business.In the 1980’s, Migration trend reversed and turned into a time of crisis for the farm as well as a recession for business. In the 1990’s, Rebound occurred in the rural areas and resulted in a softness in the national economy has been more urban than rural ever since.In the 1990’s, Rebound occurred in the rural areas and resulted in a softness in the national economy has been more urban than rural ever since.

8. The Rural well-being ImprovementsImprovements Visable improvements include electricity, telephone service, and a highway system.Visable improvements include electricity, telephone service, and a highway system. HousingHousing GapsGaps Real earnings per job are consistently and have been substantially lower since 1979. From 1979 – 1989, Real earnings per job as well as college completion rates declined by 6.5%.Real earnings per job are consistently and have been substantially lower since 1979. From 1979 – 1989, Real earnings per job as well as college completion rates declined by 6.5%. Population subgroups prone to economic disadvantagesPopulation subgroups prone to economic disadvantages

9. Rural Diversity “Rural America is diverse in many ways. No one industry dominates the rural economy, no single pattern of population decline or growth exists for all rural areas and no statement bout improvements and gaps in well being holds true for all rural people”.“Rural America is diverse in many ways. No one industry dominates the rural economy, no single pattern of population decline or growth exists for all rural areas and no statement bout improvements and gaps in well being holds true for all rural people”.

10. Different challenges means Different solutions. Geographic RegionGeographic Region Six types of Non-metro countiesSix types of Non-metro counties Each county while overcoming significant barriers in the past, still are faced with overcoming significant barriers in the future.Each county while overcoming significant barriers in the past, still are faced with overcoming significant barriers in the future.

11. Conclusions The diversity of rural America means different areas have different needs.The diversity of rural America means different areas have different needs. There is an overall pattern of economic disadvantage in rural areas.There is an overall pattern of economic disadvantage in rural areas.

12. Furthermore Rural settlement patterns tend to be small in scale and low in density.Rural settlement patterns tend to be small in scale and low in density. The natural resource based industries on which many rural areas have traditionally depended are declining as generators of jobs and income.The natural resource based industries on which many rural areas have traditionally depended are declining as generators of jobs and income. Low-skill, Low wage rural labor faces increasingly fierce global competition.Low-skill, Low wage rural labor faces increasingly fierce global competition. Finally, Distance and remoteness impede rural areas from being connected to the urban centers of economic activity.Finally, Distance and remoteness impede rural areas from being connected to the urban centers of economic activity.

13. The End