1. "Water: Source for conflict or cooperation? An African Perspective." Solomon A. Isiorho (PhD), Dept of Geosciences, IPFW

2. Talk Outline Introduction Water Conflicts: Fact or Myth? Historical Perspective Water Conflicts by Regions Lake Chad Basin

3. Introduction Water Nearly one third of the world population (~4 billion people) will experience severe water shortage within the next 20 years

4. Water availability per person per year

6. Introduction Water

7. Introduction Water

8. Introduction Drainage Basins (Watershed)

9. Introduction Surface waters There are over 214 major rivers shared by two or more countries e.g. Amazon, Euphrates, Danube, Jordan, Niger About 97 % of surface water in Egypt is from outside the nation

10. Introduction Groundwater

11. Water Related Conflicts Are there really water related conflicts?

12. Potential Reasons for Conflict Unequal distribution of water Inefficient water use Increase in Population Pollution Rising Cost of water Inflexibility, inefficient,and inequitable agreements for managing waters Control (Politics) Much of world’s most accessible freshwater supplies are located in basins and aquifers that cross international borders

13. Resolving Conflicts Two Traditional Doctrines Doctrine of unlimited territorial sovereignty states that a country has exclusive rights to the waters within its territory.. First used by US (India is doing the same) Unlimited Territorial integrity states that one country cannot alter the quantity and quality of water available to another (Egypt) Equitable and reasonable use

14. Water Related Conflicts Historical Perspective.1503 Florence and Pisa warring states military tool (MT) 1642 China Ming Dynasty (MT) 1863 United States Civil War US Grant (MT) 1898 Egypt; France and Britain MT and Political

15. Water Related Conflicts Historical Perspective Contd. 1944-1945 Multiple parties Military targets involving German, Italy, Britain, United States … Isoletta Dam (Liri R.) British Royal Air Force bombed dams on Mohne, Sorpe, Eder Rivers.. Killing 1,200 & destroying dams downstream Flooding of area occupied by US troop, Ay river valley flooded, and also flooding of II River valley creating a lake 16 km long, 3-6 Km wide and 1-2 meters deep

16. Water Related Conflicts in the 1990s 1991 Iraq Kuwait 1995 Ecuador Peru military over head waters of Cenepa River 1997 Singapore, Malaysia Political 1999 Lusaka Zambia terrorism on water pipe line to city of Lusaka (3 m people) 1999 Kosovo Terrorism contamination of water supplies/wells 1999-2000 Namibia, Botswana, Zambia.. Zambezi/Chobe rivers border dispute and access to water

17. Water Conflicts by Regions Middle East Arab-Israel- 1948 Arabs Israelis … Arab forces cut off West Jerusalem water supply

18. Water Conflicts by Regions Middle East Arab-Israel- Rivers

19. Water Conflicts by Regions Middle East Arab-Israel- Groundwater

20. Water Conflicts by Regions

22. Middle East Turkey 1990 Iraq, Syria, Turkey development dispute flow from Euphrates interrupted for a month.. Ataturk Dam as part of the grand Anatolia Project

23. Water Conflicts by Regions Middle East Turkey Euphrates

24. Water Conflicts by Regions Asia Ganges – originates in China passing through Nepal Especially between Bangladesh and Indian India versus Pakistan over the Indus River

25. Water Conflicts by Regions Central America Mexico and Guatemala Usumacinte, Suchiate and Grijala Rivers originate in Guatemala and enter into Mexico…. Agreement based on principle of equitable, rational and optimum utilization

26. Water Conflicts by Regions North America Rio Grande, Colorado and Tijuan rivers between US and Mexico

27. Water Conflicts by Regions Africa West Africa- Lake Chad

28. Potential for Conflict in Lake Chad Limiting Factors Importance of Lake Chad Possible Solutions

29. Lake Chad Basin

30. Limiting Factors Global Climate Change

32. Climatic Effect

34. Limiting Factors Global Climate Change Droughts

35. Limiting Factor: Drought

36. Limiting Factors Population

37. Limiting Factors Conflicts

38. Limiting Factors: Conflicts Changing Shorelines Flux in Boundary demarcation

39. Limiting Factors: Conflicts Water rights

40. Limiting Factors None involvement of Stakeholders

41. Limiting Factors Pollution

42. Limiting Factors Education

43. Importance of Lake Chad Political Boundary Provides Protein (Fish)

44. Importance of Lake Chad Provides jobs Provides water

45. Importance of Lake Chad Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo appeals to the UN Development Programme and other international agencies for help in reversing the gradual recession and degradation of Lake Chad, once the world's sixth largest, "Your vision for the people of the Lake Chad basin must have at its core the security and well-being of the suffering masses as well as the unity of the member-nations," In Abuja at the opening of the 47th session of the Lake Chad Basin Commission Copyright (c) UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 2000-0003bA-00 (Wednesday 8 March)

46. Possible Solution(s) Management strategy interpretation and dissemination of information eliminate water wasting projects involve stakeholders conjunctive surface & ground water use

47. Possible Solution(s) Role of Lake Chad Basin Commission coordinate data collection/management Members states of the commission, formed in 1964 to ensure optimal use of the lake basin's water resources, are Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Niger and Nigeria. The commission is also supposed to coordinate the planning and implementation of all regional projects of the lake basin, review complaints and help settle disputes.

48. Summary There are potential water related conflict areas around the world. Would need Scientific input- Hydrology Conjunctive use of surface and ground water Stakeholders Involvement Education A two-way process

49. Conclusions Cooperation is better than Conflict

50. Water Security Meeting Demand for the Water Security Summitt 2001 has been extraordinary! In fact the WaterSecurity.Org Web servers were a little overwhelmed by the response. Our Internet provider just increased our bandwidth and upgraded our Web servers to ensure a smooth registration process. Apply for your free registration today by clicking the link below: http://www.watersecurity.org?pid=B968H9TC&m=011108WSSs WSS is strictly nonprofit and is free to qualified professionals. Location: Hartford, CT USA Date: December 3-4, 2001