2. 1933  January: Adolf appointed chancellor of Germany  February: Germany govt. takes away freedom of speech, assembly, press, and freedom from invasion of privacy  March: First concentration camp is established in Nazi Germany; first prisoners are political opponents  April: Nation-wide boycott of Jewish businesses and Jews are barred from government service

3. Boycotting of Jewish Businesses

4. 1933  May: Books by Jews and Nazi opponents are burned publicly  July: Laws passed permitting forced sterilization of Gypsies, mentally and physically disabled, African- Germans and others considered “inferior” and “unfit”  October: It is taught in all Germany schools that “non- Aryans” are racially inferior.

5. Book BurningBook Burning

6. 1934  August: Adolph declares himself president and chancellor of the Third Reich  October: First wave of arrests of homosexuals throughout Germany

7. 1935  April: Jehovah’s Witnesses are banned from all civil service jobs and are arrested  May: “No Jews” signs and notices are posted through towns  September: the Nuremberg Laws deprive Jews of their citizenship

8. Banner Reads: Jews not wanted here!

9. 1936  July: First German Gypsies are arrested and deported to the Dachau concentration camp  October: Govt. prohibits teaching by “non-Aryans” in public schools and bans private instruction by Jewish teachers

10. 1937  July: Buchenwald concentration camp opens  November: Jews can obtain passports to travel outside of Germany only in special cases

11. Buchenwald Prisoners at Liberation April 16, 1945

12. 1938  July: Representatives from 32 countries meet in France to discuss refugee policies. Most countries refuse to let in more Jewish refugees  November: Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) Nazis burn hundreds of synagogues, loot and destroy Jewish homes, schools, stores, and community offices. 30,000 Jewish men are arrested and imprisoned in concentration camps. Jews forced to pay reparations for the damages of Kristallnacht

13. Pogrom: organized persecution of an ethnic group

14. 1938  November: All Jewish children are expelled from German schools  December: Jews banned from public streets on certain days; Jews are forbidden drivers’ licenses and car registrations  December: Jews must sell their businesses and real estate and had over securities and jewelry to the govt. at low prices  December: Jews may no longer attend universities as teachers or students

15. 1939  September: Germany invades Poland and WWII officially begins  September: Jews forced to turn in radios, cameras, and other electric objects to the police. Jews receive more restrictive ration coupons – do not receive coupons for meat, milk, etc. Receive less clothing rations as well  October: Hitler allows doctors to kill institutionalized mentally and physically disabled persons  November: Jews in Poland are forced to wear Star of David on their chests or or a blue and white Star of David armband

16. Star of DavidStar of David

17. 1940  May: 164,000 Polish Hews are concentrated and imprisoned in the Lodz ghetto which is sealed off from the outside world. Auschwitz is established  October: Anti-Jewish laws are passed by France’s Vichy Government  November: the Warsaw ghetto is closed off with approximately 500,000 inhabitants

18. Warsaw GhettoWarsaw Ghetto

19. 1941  March: Gypsy and African-German children are expelled from public schools  May: Romania passes law condemning adult Jews to forced labor  June: the Einsatzgruppen, mobile killing squads, begin mass murders of Jews, Gypsies, and Communist leaders  September: Soviet prisoners of war and Polish prisoners are killed in Nazi test of gas chambers at Auschwitz

20. Einsatzgruppen

21. 1941  October: Construction of the Birkenau camp, including a killing center, begins  October: First group of German and Austrian Jews are deported to ghettos in eastern Europe  December: The Chelmno death camp opens near Lodz, Poland and the first gassing of victims in mobile gas vans occurs

22. Birkenau: Gate Reads “Work Makes You Free”

23. Birkenau Camps and Gas Chambers

24. 1942  January: Nazi and government leaders meet to decide the “final solution to the Jewish question”  September: Jews in the Lodz ghetto are deported to the Chelmno killing center. Mostly children under 10 and people over 65, but also those too sick to work  October: All Jews in concentration camps in Germany are sent to death camp at Auschwitz

25. 1943  March: All Gypsies in Germany and occupied countries are arrested and deported to Auschwitz  Fall: Danish citizens smuggle most of the nation’s Jews to neutral Sweden

26. 1944  May: The Nazis begin deportation of Hungarian Jews; Over 430,000 Jews are sent to Auschwitz and are gassed  October: The prisoners at Auschwitz rebel and blow up one crematorium

27. Auschwitz

28. 1945  January: Nazis empty Auschwitz and start prisoners on “death marches” to Germany  January: Soviet army liberates Auschwitz  April: U.S. Troops liberate survivors from Buchenwald and Dachau  May 7: Germany surrenders and war in Europe has ended