1. How Many Species Do You Interact With Everyday?
Species Interaction
How Many Species Do You Interact With Everyday?

2. Species Interaction In nature, species interact all of the time.
Sometimes, their interactions can benefit both species, other times those interactions can cause harm.
Interaction between species forms the structure of communities and ecosystems.
Scientists use the word NICHE to describe the role each organisms plays in an ecosystem.
A niche is impacted by tolerance - ability to survive under changing conditions
A niche is impacted by
competition.

3. Niche vs. Habitat
A species niche is how it acts in its environment. For example, where it lives, how it interacts with other species, and how it moves through each day.
A species’ habitat is just where it lives. Habitats provide organisms with all of the resources they need to survive. It is simply a location. How a species acts inside its habitat is part of its niche.

4. Ways in Which Species Interact
There are three major types of species interactions that have been identified by scientists:
Competition
Predator-Prey Relationships
Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism

5. Competition
Competition occurs when individuals or populations attempt to use the same limited resources. It can occur within the same species or with other species.
Indirect competition occurs when species don’t even come in contact with one another. Perhaps feeding on the same plant in the day and the night.
Direct competition occurs when species invade each others niches. The more dominant species will prevail and have better access to the resource.
The two bison pictured are competing for territory, food, and possibly a mate.

6. Predator – Prey Relationships
The predator hunts and the prey is hunted.
Some predators only eat certain types of prey, such as the lynx pictured to the right.
Organisms have developed adaptations to make them better predators and/or to enable them to hide better from predators.
Some of those adaptations include camouflage, warning coloration, mimicry, protective covering, etc.
The lynx is preying upon the snowshoe hare, one of the only things it eats. The snowshoe hare is colored white in the winter so it is camouflaged in the snow.

7. Watch cuttlefish video! Click Here!
Camouflage
Warning Coloration
Watch cuttlefish video! Click Here!

8. Protective Covering
Mimicry

9. Symbiosis When two organisms live in close association.
In the relationship at least one of the species benefits.
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
Most organisms live in symbiosis with another organism. Some may even evolve together. When that occurs it is called co-evolution. An example of co-evolution is when plants adapt to suit those insects that pollinate them AND the pollinators adapt with the plants.

10. Parasitism
A parasite is an organism that lives on another organism and feeds on it.
The parasite gets all of its nourishment from its host.
The host is generally harmed by the parasite.
Examples of parasites include ticks, fleas, tapeworms, leeches, and mistletoe.
A tick attached to human skin. The tick is the parasite and the human is the host.

11. Mutualism
Mutualism is a close relationship between two species in which both benefit.
Humans have bacteria in the stomach that help to break down food that we eat. We benefit from them being there, and they survive on the food we eat.
During mutualism, each specie depends upon the other for survival.
Click on the picture to watch a video example of mutualism between ants and acacia trees.

12. Commensalism
A relationship between species when one organism benefits and the other one is neither helped or hurt.
A great example of this occurs between sharks and a type of fish called a remora. Remoras attach themselves to sharks and feed on scraps from the shark’s meals. They also use the sharks as transportation.
Another example is when birds nest in trees. The trees are not hurt and they provide a habitat for birds.