1. Human-Human vs Animal to Human MalariaBubonic Plague

2. Zoonotic Diseases

3. What is Zoonotic Disease A zoonotic disease is a disease that can be passed between animals and humans. Zoonotic diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi Zoonotic Diseases can be passed through droplets, airborne, direct and indirect contact, vector, or ingestion

4. Anthrax Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis bacteria. There are three types of infection: Cutaneous (skin) anthraxCutaneous (skin) anthrax. This can occur when spores enter your body through a break in the skin. Half of the cases in the 2001 U.S. terrorist attacks were this type. 1 Cutaneous (skin) anthrax skin 1 Inhalational (lung) anthraxInhalational (lung) anthrax. This can occur when you breathe in spores. It is the most serious type of infection. Half of the cases in the 2001 attacks were this type. 2 Inhalational (lung) anthrax 2 Gastrointestinal (digestive) anthrax. This can occur when you eat food contaminated with anthrax spores. This has occurred in developing regions of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, but not in North America. Humans generally acquire the disease directly or indirectly from infected animals, or occupational exposure to infected or contaminated animal products. Control in livestock is therefore the key to reduced incidence. The disease is generally regarded as being non-contagious. Records of person-to-person spread exist, but are rare.

5. Animal influenza Influenza is a disease common to man and a limited number of lower animal species mainly horses, pigs, domestic and wild birds, wild aquatic mammals such as seals and whales, minks and farmed carnivores. Influenza type A is distributed worldwide and usually causes a mild respiratory disease in humans and animals. A small number of cases of animal influenza in humans has been described in the past. In these cases the virus originated from pigs, seals, ducks and chicken. Birds, especially aquatic birds represent a vast reservoir of type A influenza viruses the greatest concern for human health is the risk that present conditions could give rise to an influenza pandemic.

6. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a family of diseases of humans and animals characterized by spongy degeneration of the brain with severe and fatal neurological signs and symptoms. Strong evidence currently available supports the theory that the agent is composed largely, if not entirely, of a self- replicating protein, referred to as a prion. It is transmitted through the consumption of BSE-contaminated meat and bone meal supplements in cattle feed. Causes Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humansVariant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)

7. Foodborne zoonosis diarrhoeal diseases, are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Among the most virulent foodborne diseases and foodborne pathogens causing disease are: Campylobacter, Escheria coli, Salmonella, Shigella species and Trichinella. Campylobacter is a genus of bacteria that are a major cause of gastroenteritis throughout the world. Infection occurs mainly following consumption of contaminated undercooked poultry or contaminated water Escherichia coli is a bacterium that is commonly found in the gut of humans and other warm-blooded animals. While most strains are harmless, some can cause severe foodborne disease. E. coli infection is usually transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food, such as undercooked meat products and raw milk. Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that are a major cause of foodborne illness throughout the world. The bacteria are generally transmitted to humans through consumption of contaminated food of animal origin, mainly meat, poultry, eggs and milk. Shigella is a genus of bacteria that are a major cause of diarrhoea and dysentery – diarrhoea with blood and mucus in the stools – throughout the world. The bacteria are transmitted by ingestion of contaminated food or water, or through person-to-person contact. In the body, they can invade and destroy the cells lining the large intestine, causing mucosal ulceration and bloody diarrhoea.

8. Haemorrhagic fevers Haemorrhagic fevers viral Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) occurs in isolated cases and in limited outbreaks. The main natural hosts are hares, hedgehogs, cattle, sheep, goats, horses and swine. Humans acquire the infection from the bite of an infected tick and exposure to infected materials (family members of a patient, hospital personnel and agricultural workers for example). Marburg viral haemorrhagic fever and Ebola viral haemorrhagic fever are diseases with a high case fatality ratio. Reservoirs in nature are unknown. Lassa fever is a haemorrhagic fever endemic in four African countries: Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. The reservoir is a rodent species (Mastomys sp.). Rift Valley Fever is endemic in Africa and recently emerged in the Middle East. It occurs naturally in sheep, goats, cattle, camels and buffaloes. Mosquitoes are the principal mode of virus transmission between animals. Man is infected during contact with infected animals.

9. Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is a serious bacterial disease that occurs all over the world. Rodents and other animals harbor and spread the disease. Transmission to humans occurs when they come in contact with water, food or soil that is contaminated with infected animal urine. Leptospirosis is under-recognized and often mistaken for other diseases. Leptospirosis causes severe long term health problems including renal failure, bleeding and inflammation of the heart muscle. Children are particularly vulnerable to serious forms of the disease.

10. Neglected zoonotic diseases Bovine Tuberculosis: In humans, the vast majority of cases of tuberculosis are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, TB can be caused by a number of other bacteria, of which Mycobacterium bovis, causing so-called ‘bovine tuberculosis’ is one of the more prevalent and has the widest host range of all TB bacteria. TB due to M. bovis often occupies sites other than the lungs (it is extra-pulmonary), but in many cases is clinically indistinguishable from M. tuberculosis infection. Brucellosis is one of the world’s most widespread zoonoses. Caused by various bacteria in the genus brucella which affect cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and some other animals, it leads to abortion, later permanently reduced fertility and chronically lowered milk yields in affected animals. It can be passed to people via direct contact with livestock or through drinking unpasteurized milk from an infected animal. In people, the main symptom is recurrent bouts of high temperature, hence its other name ‘undulant fever’ – and its tendency to be misdiagnosed as drug-resistant malaria in tropical countries. A chronic debilitating disease, it can cause a variety of other symptoms, including joint pain, fatigue and depression. Cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis (NCC):Humans acquire Taenia solium tapeworms when eating raw or undercooked pork meat contaminated with cysticerci, the larval form of the tapeworm which develop in the intestine of humans where they establish and become adult tapeworms which can grow to more than three metres long. These adult worms shed eggs in human faeces that can infect in turn, the same or other humans as well as pigs – by direct contact with tapeworm carriers or by indirect contamination of water or food. Cystic echinococcosis or hydatid disease: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatid disease is caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Its natural cycle is as a cyst in sheep and as a tapeworm in dogs. Dogs feed on infected sheep meat and in turn shed eggs in their faeces which are ingested by sheep. Humans become infected by ingesting food or water contaminated with faecal material containing tapeworm eggs passed from infected carnivores, or when they handle or pet infected dogs. Rabies: is probably the best known zoonotic illness. It is caused by a virus, which usually enters the body through a bite or skin lesion and makes its way to the brain. Zoonotic sleeping sickness or human African trypanosomiasis (HAT):is limited to the continent of Africa where its insect vector, the tsetse fly, is found. The disease is maintained by transmission between the insect vector and humans

11. Tularaemia Tularaemia Rabbit Fever Tularemia is caused by the bacteria Francisella tularensis. Tularemia affects animals and humans. Humans acquire tularemia when they come into contact with infected animals or are bitten by insects that feed on infected animals. Tularemia may be spread through inhalation of dried animal matter, eating undercooked game, skinning or dressing killed animals, or drinking water contaminated with animal carcasses. Tularemia causes fever, fatigue, aches and headache. Swollen lymph nodes are common. A sore may form at the site of inoculation. The organism may spread widely, causing major organs to fail. Pneumonia is common after inhalation but may also occur when the organism spreads throughout the body.feverfatigueheadacheSwollen lymph nodes