1. Physical Evidence
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2. Types of Analysis
Comparison
Visual
Microscopic
Chemical
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3. Most types of evidence require a control with which to be compared
Comparison
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Most types of evidence require a control with which to be compared

4. Evidence utilized through unaided observation
Visual Analysis
Evidence utilized through unaided observation
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5. Evidence observed with the use of some type of microscope
Microscopic Analysis
Evidence observed with the use of some type of microscope
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6. Evidence subjected to any type of chemical procedure
Chemical Analysis
Evidence subjected to any type of chemical procedure
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7. Types of Evidence
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8. Documents
Hand written
Type or Printed
Authenticity?
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9. Glass How broken? (Small hole? Big pieces? Inside or outside?)
Link a suspect to a crime scene
Fingerprints
Blood
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10. Soils, Minerals, Wood, and Other Vegetative Matter.
Location
Link suspect
Trace Evidence
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11. Fingerprints
Mainstay of Forensics
Who is on file?
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12. Hair
What type?
How removed?
Match to a person
DNA
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13. Fibers
Link suspect to a location or victim
Origin?
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14. Firearms and Ammunition
Circumstances of discharge
Link to suspect
Link to weapon
Link to victim
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15. Powder Residue GSR Test Evidence of shooting Circumstances of shooting
Type of weapon
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16. Explosives & Propellants
Link to suspect or victim
Origin
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17. Tool Marks
Match tool to scars
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18. Impressions
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20. Drugs
Type of Drug?
Strength?
Origin?
Legal?
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21. Paint
Origin
Match
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22. Blood, Semen, Saliva, Organs, & other Physiological Fluids
Origin
DNA
Condition
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24. 1. What are the four types of analysis. 2
1.What are the four types of analysis? 2.Explain what “tool marks” are and how they are used in CSI.

25. What does a CSI observe with each of the following evidences?
Documents
Broken glass
Vegetative & soil samples
Hair
Fiber
Firearms and ammunition
Powder residue
Impressions
Drug samples
Body fluid

26. Glass Fractures
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27. A burglar shatters a window
A burglar shatters a window. Later, police discover glass fragments embedded in his shoes and jacket. A shooter fires bullets through a window but claims someone inside shot at him first. Cracked, fractured or shattered glass yields crucial clues for investigations of crimes and accidents. Forensic glass analysis uncovers those clues using a variety of scientific processes.
Forensic analysis of glass fractures reveals clues about projectiles, weapons and direction of force.

28. Glass How broken? Link a suspect to a crime scene Fingerprints Blood
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29. Radial cracks look like spokes in a bicycle tire, while concentric cracks resemble ripples in a pond. Add gunpowder residue, and there is no doubt someone fired a gun.

30. Fractures
Concentric
Radial
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31. Direction of Penetration
Glass bends in response to a force exerted on its surface. When the limit of its elasticity is reached the glass will fracture.
A projectile hole is inevitably wider at the exit side.
Often difficult to determine the size and shape of hole in glass whether it was made by bullet or by some other projectile.
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32. Stress Marks
A projectile hole is inevitably wider at the exit side, and hence its examination is an important factor when determining the direction of impact.
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33. Direction of Penetration
Radial
Concentric
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34. Radials Produced first
Form on side of glass OPPOSITE to where impact originated.
Like spider webs that spread outward from the impact hole
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35. Concentric Form SECOND Encircle the projectile hole
Start on the same side as that of the force.
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36. Successive Penetrations
A fracture always terminates at an existing line of fracture
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40. Glass fragments from a crime or accident scene sometimes stick to weapons, tools, automobiles or clothing. Forensic glass examiners compare the density of glass fragments--typically, one sample from a suspect and one from the scene of the accident or crime. If the densities fail to match, police may have enough information to exclude fragments as coming from the crime scene source.
However, identical densities do not indicate a match, since many types and samples of glass may share the same density. Therefore, forensic glass examiners also analyze the refractive index of both samples. Refractive index measures the ratio of the velocity of light as it passes through a medium versus through a vacuum. A match in refractive index may mean that two glass samples came from the same source, although no glass expert can proclaim that with 100 percent certainty.