1. Connecting Networks © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Exploring How TCP/IP Works INTRO v2.0—4-1

2. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-2 Outline Overview TCP/IP TCP/IP Suite TCP/IP Stack vs. OSI Model Internet Protocol UDP TCP TCP/IP Applications Summary

3. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-3 TCP/IP Evolution ARPANET or DARPANET: U.S. Department of Defense decentralized network that ensured the safe transport of data between mainframe computers at different strategic locations by creating alternate communication routes TCP/IP used as protocol system in ARPANET or DARPANET National Science Foundation network based on ARPANET or DARPANET: Evolved into Internet TCP/IP: Protocol for Internet

4. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-4 TCP/IP Popularity Allows data to be routed over large networks Used by virtually all operating systems and platforms Large number of utilities and tools Required for connection to the Internet

5. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-5 TCP/IP Stack Defines four layers Uses different names for layers 1 through 3 Combines layers 5 through 7 into single application layer

6. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-6 TCP/IP Stack vs. the OSI Model

7. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-7 Internet Protocol Characteristics Operates at network layer of OSI Connectionless protocol Packets treated independently Hierarchical addressing Best-effort delivery No data recovery features

8. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-8 UDP Characteristics Operates at transport layer of OSI and TCP/IP models Provides applications with access to the network layer without the overhead of reliability mechanisms Connectionless protocol Limited error checking Best-effort delivery No data recovery features

9. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-9 TCP Characteristics Operates at the transport layer of the TCP/IP stack Provides applications with access to the network layer Connection-oriented protocol Full-duplex mode operation Error checking Sequencing of data packets Acknowledgement of receipt Data recovery features

10. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-10 File transfer –FTP –TFTP –Network File System E-mail –Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Remote login –Telnet –rlogin Network management –Simple Network Management Protocol Name management –Domain Name System TCP/IP Application Layer Overview

11. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-11 Summary TCP/IP was the protocol used in DARPANET, the decentralized network of computers created by the U.S. Department of Defense that became the basis for the Internet. TCP/IP is now the most widely used protocol for a number of reasons, including its flexible addressing scheme, usability by most operating systems and platforms, its many tools and utilities, and the need to use it to connect to the Internet. The components of the TCP/IP stack are the network access, internet, transport, and application layers.

12. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-12 Summary (Cont.) The OSI model and the TCP/IP stack are similar in structure and function, with correlation at the physical, data-link, network, and transport layers. The OSI model divides the application layer of the TCP/IP stack into three separate layers. The IP component of the term TCP/IP determines where packets of data are to be routed based on their destination addresses. IP is connectionless, operates at the network layer, delivers data packets on a best-effort basis, uses hierarchical addressing, and does not provide any data recovery functions.

13. © 2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. INTRO v2.0—4-13 Summary (Cont.) UDP is a protocol that operates at the transport layer and provides applications with access to the network layer without the overhead of the reliability mechanisms of TCP. UDP is a connectionless, best-effort delivery protocol. TCP is a protocol that operates at the transport layer and provides applications with access to the network layer. TCP is connection-oriented, provides error checking, delivers data reliably, operates in full-duplex mode, and provides some data recovery functions. TCP/IP supports a number of applications, including FTP (supports bidirectional binary and ASCII file transfers), TFTP (transfers configuration files and Cisco IOS images), and Telnet (provides capability to remotely access another computer).