2. Instructor: Prof. Dr. SALIH KATIRCIOGLU Submitted by: Esmaeil Khaksar Shahmirzadi

3. The effect of hospitableness and servicescape on guest satisfaction in the hotel industry Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences(2013) Ahmad Azmi M. Ariffin Ehsaneh Nejad Nameghi Noor Izyana Zakaria

4. Introduction  For hospitality firms, the hosting behaviour of the front line staff determines the competitive advantage.  Hosting behaviour- interpersonal relationship with the ultimate aim to create a memorable service experience  Commodification of good and service

5. Introduction  Hospitality is all about the style in which the service is delivered, servicescape is about the style of the physical environment  We are now living in the so called “experience economy” (Oh, Fiore, & Jeoung, 2007)  Employees are a part of service quality

6. Purpose of study  To investigate the influence of hotel hospitality on hotel guest satisfaction along with the moderating effect of the hotel servicescape on the relationship between hospitality and satisfaction

7. Theories  Service marketing theory  Marketing mix theory

8. Background research Hospitality and hosting behavior Five factor structure to explain the dimensionality of hospitality specifically in the context of hotel services. Ariffin and Maghzi (2012)  a warm welcome  special relationship (e.g., accommodating guest requests)  sincerity  comfort mixture of tangible and intangible elements

9. Guest Satisfaction  A pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfilment including levels of under- or over-fulfillment  To create satisfying and memorable hotel experiences,

10. Servicescape  Service environment where interaction between customers and employees takes place is termed servicescape, Dong and Siu (2012)  Figure 1. Elements of physical evidence

12. Model

13. Research Method  Structured questionnaire survey for data collection  The respondents consisted of foreign hotel guests who stayed at least two nights in Malaysian hotels located in the city of Kuala Lumpur for leisure within a five-month period  Judgment sampling technique was used

14. Research Method  Two graduates of fashion marketing were employed to facilitate the respondent selection process  Who dressed well would be able to assess the impact of servicescape on satisfaction in a more meaningful fashion

15. Research Method  The data were collected via central location, tourist attractions :main shopping malls in the Kuala Lumpur city centre at various times of the day.  The three main tourist attractions chosen (most popular among foreign tourists)  Each of these places has many cafés, bistros, and rest areas where the respondents could be conveniently approached.

16. Research Method  The targeted sample size for this study was 500. Boomsma (1983)  sample size of at least 200 respondents is required to perform modeling of moderate complexity  To test the hypotheses, hierarchical moderated regression was performed  Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using AMOS 5 was employed to assess the measurement model before testing the hypotheses

17. Star rating  Star rating was employed as the control variable in this study to determine the actual effect of hospitality on satisfaction.  Asking the respondents to identify the rating of the hotel they used in the survey from a 1 to 5 star

18. Results  Total of 550 questionnaires had been distributed. Of these, 403 questionnaires were found to be useful for further analysis. (73% response rate)

19. Measurement Model, Reliability, and Validity Checks  The values of Cronbach’s alphas for the three variables :0.87 to 0.93.( highly reliable)

20. Measurement Model, Reliability, and Validity Checks  X2 (39) =120.599 with p<0.001; CFI = 0.94 GFI = 0.97; RMSEA= 0.06  χ2 : Chi –square is a classic goodness-of-fit measure to show overall model fit  Comparative fit index (CFI) evaluates “the fit of a user specified solution, ranges from 0 to 1, 0 for a poor fit to 1 for a good fit  Goodness of fit index (GFI) is a measure of fit between the hypothesized model and the observed covariance matrix

21. Measurement Model, Reliability, and Validity Checks  Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) about 0.05 or less would indicate a close fit of the model in relation to the degrees of freedom  results produced a significant Chi-square, other indices of goodness-of-fit. A “good model fit”  High convergent validity  Factor loading greater than 0.5. All items also have significant factor loading

22. Correlational Analysis

23. Hierarchical Moderated Regression Analysis

24. Post hoc calculations  Estimated power enable a researcher to estimate the likelihood that low power is to blame. null hypothesis  Using the software package G Power (Buchner, Faul, & Erdfelder,1992)  Effect sizes: small (f 2=.02), medium (f 2=.15), and large (f 2=.35) (Cohen, 1988).

25. Post hoc calculations  Large effect (0.592) for model one.  large effect size (0.633) for model two  large effect size (0.715) for model three  There was more than adequate power (i.e., power * 1) at the large effect size level for direct and interactional effect paths.

26. Discussion  Significant and strong positive relationship between the two variables  Providing attention to all aspects of service design including the physical environment and process elements.  customer satisfaction is very much related to feelings of pleasure and enjoyment (Oliver, 2010)

27. Implications  To hotel managers in their efforts to improve their hotels’ satisfaction index.  Apart from hospitable service, hotel management may do well to give sufficient attention to the physical service environment to ensure maximum customer satisfaction can be achieved.

28. Limitations and Future Research  Sampling technique results should not be generalized to the larger population  it would be interesting to conduct a comparative study between local versus foreign hotel guests to examine the effects of servicescape and hospitality on overall guest satisfaction.

29. Limitations and Future Research  Improve by incorporating other important elements such as signage, parking, and landscaping  study in the other context of luxury restaurants as well as airline services could also prove interesting

30.  Thank you so much