1. Beijing, China

2. The Great Wall of China

3. 5,500 miles Crosses 3 geographical regions: Western- Gobi Desert (now in ruin) Central- Ordos Steppes (mud) East- precipitous mountains to Pacific Ocean

4. Construction Watchtowers Wooden frames Tampered Earth Brickwork (brick walls) Kilns- mass brick production

5. Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) First Emperor- Qin Shih Huang Unified China (6 new states) First unified kingdom in Chinese history Built to defend from Mongolian Hsiong nu (Huns) Connection of previously-built walls

6. Han Dynasty (206 BC- 220 AD) Still bothered by Huns Tried to open diplomatic relations “Too shameful”- stopped Wall repaired, sections added for expansion West across Gobi Desert Protect Silk Road’s markets

7. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) “Modern” walls Ming suffered disturbances (Dadan, Tufan, Nuzhen) Forbade any foreign contact in 16th century Up to 25 ft. Guard stations, watchtowers

8. Mutianyu 2.5 kilometers 22 watchtowers Valleys Granite Nomadic tribes Qi Dynasty (550- 577) Ming Dynasty- reconstructed

9. Tourism 17th-20th Centuries: Growing Western contact with China 1987: World Heritage Site (UNESCO) 50-mile Beijing Portion receives 1,000s of tourists daily

10. Tiananmen Square

11. Gate of Heavenly Peace 1420-Original Symbol of modern China Gatehouse of Ming and Qing Dynasties Original gate of Forbidden City

12. Golden Water Bridge 7 white marble bridges Central: widest Central: for emperor

13. Platform, tower- 5 arch ways Central: largest, for emperors Sides: smaller, for ministers, officials Mao portrait “Long Live the People’s Republic of China” “Long Live the Great Unity of the World’s Peoples” Lions 2 Outside Gate 2 Guarding Bridges Protection from evil spirits Huabiao Central archway 2 Stone columns Dragon designs “Wangtianhou” decoration

14. Chairman Mao Memorial Hall East of square Clay figures: New Democracy, socialist construction period Mao statue- North Great Hall Crystal Coffin Black granite base Corpse- embalmed. Internal organs- Formaldehyde

15. Monument to People’s Heroes Completed 1958 Dedicated to those who died fighting Cornerstone by Mao & Zhu De Middle of old Imperial Pathway Break with feudal dynastic past

16. Student Protests 1989 April 15 Hu Yaobang dies Demand Democracy Government reform Chinese Political Party- Corruption Civil Disobedience

17. June 4 Massacre June 3: Troops toward Center Barricades Government Army vs.. Civilians Civilians killed Unknown death toll: 200 (Chen, Mayor)- 2,600 (Red Cross)

18. Tourism 1,000s Daily Relaxing: kites, walks Holidays: covered in flowers

19. Bibliography http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/greatwall.htm China Travel Guide http://www.travelchinaguide.comhttp://www.travelchinaguide.com Mutianyu Great Wall http://www.mutianyugreatwall.nethttp://www.mutianyugreatwall.net Kerns, Ann. Who Will Shout If Not Us? Minneapolis, MN USA:Lerner Publishing Group Inc., 2011. Print. The China Guide. Tiananmen Square. Beijing Freedom Travel Agency. 2010. Web. http://www.thebeijingguide.com/tiananmen_square/index.html http://www.thebeijingguide.com/tiananmen_square/index.html Kristof, Nicholas D. “Tiananmen Square.” New York Times. May 22, 2009. Print. “1989: Massacre in Tiananmen Square.” On This Day BBC News. Web.