1. CIRCULATION

2. CIRCULATION
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ASSOCIATES INTIMATELY WITH ALL BODY TISSUES
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
A SYSTEM OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT; TRANSPORTS OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE, DISTRIBUTES NUTRIENTS TO BODY CELLS, AND CONVEYS THE WASTE PRODUCTS OF METABOLISM TO SPECIFIC SITES FOR DISPOSAL

3. CIRCULATION
SEVERAL TYPES OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT HAVE EVOLVED IN ANIMALS
SIMPLE ANIMALS HAVE NO TRUE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (WHY DON’T THEY NEED ONE??)
EX. HYDRA
BLOOD
SPECIALIZED CIRCULATORY FLUID FOUND IN MORE COMPLEX ANIMALS
TWO BASIC TYPES OF SYSTEMS
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

4. CIRCULATION
TWO BASIC TYPES OF SYSTEMS

5. CIRCULATION TWO BASIC TYPES OF SYSTEMS OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
BLOOD LEAVES THE VESSELS AND BATH THE CELLS DIRECTLY (EX. GRASSHOPPER)
CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (A.K.A. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM)
CONSISTS OF A HEART AND TUBE-LIKE VESSELS; THE BLOOD IS ALWAYS CONFINED TO THESE VESSELS (EX. FISH, HUMANS)

6. CIRCULATION CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM THREE KINDS OF VESSELS ARTERIES
CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART
ARTERIOLES  SMALL VESSELS, OFF ARTERIES, THAT GIVE RISE TO CAPILLARIES
VEINS
CARRY BLOOD TO THE HEART
VENULES  RESULT OF CONVERGING CAPILLARIES THAT EVENTUALLY FORM VEINS
CAPILLARIES
CONVEY BLOOD BETWEEN ARTERIES AND VEINS WITHIN EACH ORGAN
CAPILLARY BEDS  NETWORKS OF CAPILLARIES THAT INFILTRATE EVERY ORGAN AND TISSUE IN THE BODY

7. CIRCULATION
VERTEBRATE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS REFLECT EVOLUTION

8. CIRCULATION VERTEBRATE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS PULMONARY CIRCUIT
CARRIES BLOOD BETWEEN THE HEART AND THE GAS EXCHANGE TISSUES IN THE LUNGS
SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
CARRIES BLOOD BETWEEN THE HEART AND THE REST OF THE BODY

9. CIRCULATION
HUMAN HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TYPIFY THOSE OF MAMMALS

10. CIRCULATION *VAVA L VAVA* FOLLOWING THE PATH OF BLOOD RIGHT VENTRICLE
*PULMONARY ARTERIES*
CAPILLARIES IN LUNGS
*PULMONARY VEIN*
LEFT ATRIUM
LEFT VENTRICLE
AORTA
ARTERIES BRANCH OFF AORTA
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA / INFERIOR VENA CAVA
RIGHT ATRIUM
*VAVA L VAVA*

11. CIRCULATION THE STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS FITS THEIR FUNCTION
ARTERIES
THICKEST
VEINS
VALVES
CAPILLARIES
THINNEST

12. CIRCULATION THE HEART CONTRACTS AND RELAXES RHYTHMICALLY CARDIAC CYCLE
A COMPLETE SEQUENCE OF FILLING AND PUMPING OF THE HEART
DIASTOLE
ENTIRE HEART IS RELAXED; BLOOD FLOWS INTO ALL FOUR CHAMBERS
AV VALVES ARE OPEN, ALLOWING BLOOD TO GO FROM ATRIUM TO VENTRICLES
SYSTOLE
BRIEF CONTRACTION THAT FORCES ALL BLOOD INTO VENTRICLES (0.1 SEC)
VENTRICLES CONTRACT FOR ABOUT 0.3 SEC, CLOSING AV VALVES AND OPENING SEMI-LUNAR VALVES WHICH PUMPS BLOOD INTO ARTERIES

13. CIRCULATION THE HEART CONTRACTS AND RELAXES RHYTHMICALLY
CARDIAC OUTPUT
THE VOLUME OF BLOOD PER MINUTE THAT THE LEFT VENTRICLE PUMPS INTO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
VALVES PREVENT BACKFLOW AND KEEP BLOOD FLOWING IN RIGHT DIRECTION
RESPONSIBLE FOR “LUB-DUB” SOUND HEART MAKES
WHEN DEFECTIVE, RESULTS IN A MURMUR
EXTRA HEART SOUNDS

14. CIRCULATION
THE PACEMAKER SETS THE TEMPO OF THE HEARTBEAT

15. CIRCULATION THE PACEMAKER SETS THE TEMPO OF THE HEARTBEAT
PACEMAKER  A.K.A. SA (SINOATRIAL) NODE; SPECIALIZED REGION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE THAT MAINTAINS THE HEARTS PUMPING RHYTHYM BY SETTING THE RATE AT WHICH ALL THE MUSCLE CELLS OF THE HEART CONTRACT
PACEMAKER GENERATES ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
SIGNALS SPREAD THROUGHOUT ATRIA; 0.1 SEC TO REACH AV (ATRIOVENTRICULAR) NODE
SPECIALIZED MUSCLE FIBERS RELAY SIGNALS AND CAUSE VENTRICLE CONTRACTION THAT PUMPS BLOOD
ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER
A TINY ELECTRONIC DEVICE SURGICALLY IMPLANTED NEAR THE AV NODE; EMIT ELECTRICAL SIGNALS THAT TRIGGER NORMAL HEARTBEATS

16. CIRCULATION WHAT IS A HEART ATTACK? HEART ATTACK
FAILURE OF THE HEART TO FUNCTION PROPERLY; DUE TO LACK OF OXYGEN BEING DELIVERED TO CARDIAC CELLS
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
DISEASES OF HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS; ACCOUNTS FOR 40% OF ALL DEATHS IN U.S.
ATHERIOSCLEROSIS
GROWTH OF PLAQUE DEVELOPS ON THE INNER WALLS OF THE ARTERIES, NARROWING THE PASSAGES THROUGH WHICH BLOOD CAN FLOW

17. CIRCULATION BLOOD EXERTS PRESSURE ON VESSEL WALLS BLOOD PRESSURE PULSE
THE FORCE THAT BLOOD EXERTS AGAINST THE WALLS OF OUR BLOOD VESSELS
PULSE
THE RHYTHMIC STRETCHING OF THE ARTERIES

18. CIRCULATION
MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE CAN REVEAL CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS
HYPERTENSION
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE; MAY INDICATE A SEVERE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

19. CIRCULATION SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTROLS THE DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD
SPHINCTERS EXIST THAT LIMIT BLOOD FLOW THROUGH CAPILLARY BEDS IF BLOOD IS NOT NEEDED IN THOSE AREAS (EX. DIGESTIVE TRACT DURING EXERCISE)

20. CIRCULATION
CAPILLARIES ALLOW THE TRANSFER OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH THEIR WALLS
THE THIN WALLS MAKE THIS THE ONLY VESSEL WHERE TRANSFER OF SUBSTANCES CAN TAKE PLACE

21. CIRCULATION
BLOOD CONSISTS OF CELLS SUSPENDED IN PLASMA

22. CIRCULATION BLOOD CONSISTS OF CELLS SUSPENDED IN PLASMA
ADULT HUMAN ON AVERAGE HAS 4 – 6 LITERS OF BLOOD
4 PARTS TO BLOOD
PLASMA
RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
PLATELETS

23. CIRCULATION PLASMA LIQUID MADE UP OF 90% WATER, 10% INORGANIC SALTS
55% OF BLOOD IS PLASMA
WORKS TO MAINTAIN OSMOTIC BALANCE AND PH

24. CIRCULATION RED BLOOD CELLS A.K.A. ERYTHROCYTES
MOST NUMEROUS BLOOD CELLS
LACK NUCLEI AND MITOCHONDRIA
FORMED IN BONE MARROW
CYCLE FOR 3-4 MONTHS BEFORE BROKEN DOWN AND RECYCLED IN THE LIVER
*ANEMIA*
AN ABNORMALLY LOW AMOUNT OF HEMOGLOBIN OR A LOW NUMBER OF RED BLOOD CELLS

25. CIRCULATION WHITE BLOOD CELLS A.K.A. LEUKOCYTES HELP DEFEND THE BODY
5 TYPES
BASOPHILS
RELEASE CHEMICALS TO FIGHT INFECTION
NEUTROPHILS
PHAGOCYTES
MONOCYTES
EOSINOPHILS
KILL PARASITIC WORMS, HELP REDUCE ALLERGIES; NOT FULLY UNDERSTAND
LYMPHOCYTES
KEY CELL IN IMMUNITY
WILL DISCUSS IN MORE DETAIL DURING “IMMUNE SYSTEM”

26. CIRCULATION PLATELETS
BITS OF CYTOPLASM PINCHED OFF FROM LARGE CELLS IN THE BONE MARROW
IMPORTANT IN BLOOD CLOTTING

27. CIRCULATION BLOOD CLOTTING
PLATELETS AND THE PLASMA PROTEIN FIBRINOGEN ACT AS SEALANTS
PROTHROMBIN IS CONVERTED TO THROMBIN WHICH CONVERTS FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN
FIBRIN
THREAD-LIKE PROTEIN THAT TRAPS BLOOD CELLS; FORMING PATCH UNTIL CONNECTIVE TISSUE CAN HEAL
CLOTTING MECHANISM DEFECTS CAN BE SERIOUS
HEMOPHILIA
THROMBOSIS CLOTS WHEN THERE IS NO INJURY

28. CIRCULATION
STEM CELLS OFFER A POTENTIAL CURE FOR LEUKEMIA AND OTHER BLOOD CELL DISEASES
STEM CELLS
UNSPECIALIZED CELLS
LEUKEMIA
CANCER OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)

29. CIRCULATION
SPEAKING OF DISEASES…HOW DOES THE HUMAN BODY PROTECT ITSELF??
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS NEXT!!!