1. COMPLETION OF THE ACCOUNTING CYCLE - Closing Entries -
CHAPTER 10
COMPLETION OF THE ACCOUNTING CYCLE Closing Entries -

2. Worksheet Over View 4. Extend adjusted balance to appropriate columns.
5. Calculate income/loss and complete the worksheet.
1. Prepare trial balance on the worksheet.
2. Enter adjustment data.
3. Enter adjusted balances

3. Closing Entry Concepts
The final stage of the accounting cycle is to prepare the accounts for the next fiscal period.
To do this, you must understand which accounts have balances that continue from one period to the next and which do not.

4. Closing Entry Concepts Continued
When a new accounting period begins, the revenue and expense accounts should show zero balances so that they contain only data that refer to the new period.
This allows the calculation of net income according to the matching principle, which states:
Revenue for each accounting period is matched with expenses for that accounting period to determine the net income or net loss.

5. Purpose of Closing Entries
Updates the owner’s capital account in the ledger by transferring net income (loss) and owner’s drawings to owner’s capital.
Prepares the temporary accounts (revenue, expense, drawings) for the next period’s postings by reducing their balances to zero.

6. Closing Entries
The revenue and expense accounts are reduced to zero by a process called closing the books.
Closing the books is the process by which revenue and expense accounts are reduced to zero of the end of each accounting period.
Closing the accounts is sometimes called clearing the accounts.

7. Real Accounts and Nominal Accounts
All asset and liability accounts, as well as the owner's capital account, are considered to be real accounts.
Real accounts have balances that continue into the next fiscal period.
Examples of real accounts are Bank, Trucks, and Accounts Payable.

8. Real Accounts and Nominal Accounts
Nominal accounts (Revenue, Expense, and Drawings) have balances that do not continue into the next fiscal period.
Nominal accounts, with the exception of the Drawings account, are related to the income statement, and the income statement deals only with a single fiscal period.
All nominal accounts begin each fiscal period with a nil balance.

9. Real Accounts and Nominal Accounts
Income Summary
A special nominal account, called the Income Summary account, is used only during the closing entry process.
The Income Summary account summarizes the revenues and expenses of the period.
The temporary balance in this account represents either the amount of net income or the amount of net loss.

10. Real Accounts and Nominal Accounts
Other names for REAL and NOMINAL accounts are Permanent and TEMPORARY accounts.
These alternative terms help you remember which accounts will continue to have balances (PERMANENT) and which will be closed out (TEMPORARY).

11. Temporary Versus Permanent
TEMPORARY (NOMINAL) PERMANENT (REAL) These accounts are closed These accounts are not closed
All revenue accounts All asset accounts
All expense accounts All liability accounts
Owner’s drawings Owner’s capital account
(Income Statement / Drawings Accounts)
(Balance Sheet Accounts)

12. Diagram of the Closing Process
(INDIVIDUAL)
EXPENSES
Normal Dr. Balance
Normal Cr. Balance
Cr. to close
Dr. to close 2 1
- 0 -
- 0 -
Expenses
Revenues
Opening Balance
1 Debit each revenue account for its balance, and credit the owner’s capital account for total revenues.
2 Debit the owner’s capital account for total expenses, and credit each expense account for its balance.

13. Diagram of the Closing Process
Expenses
Revenues
Opening Balance
Drawings
Ending Balance 3
OWNER’S
DRAWINGS
Normal Dr. Balance
Cr. to close
- 0 -
3 Debit owner’s capital for the balance in the owner’s drawings account and credit owner’s drawings for the same amount.

14. Summary
In summary, there are four steps involved in closing the books:
Close the revenue accounts into Income Summary.
Close the expense accounts into Income Summary.
Close Income Summary into Capital.
Close Drawings into Capital. 1 2 3 4

15. Journalizing and Posting the Closing Entries
Don’t forget to post to
the General Ledger
Closing Entry No. 1

16. Journalizing and Posting the Closing Entries
Don’t forget to post to
the General Ledger
Closing Entry No. 2

17. Journalizing and Posting the Closing Entries
Don’t forget to post to
the General Ledger
Closing Entry No. 3

18. Journalizing and Posting the Closing Entries
Don’t forget to post to
the General Ledger
Closing Entry No. 4

19. Closing Entries STOP AND CHECK
Does the balance in your Owner’s Capital account equal the ending capital balance reported in the Balance Sheet and Statement of Owner’s Equity?
2. Are all of your temporary account balances zero?

20. Post - Closing Trial Balance
After all closing entries have been journalized and posted, a post-closing trial balance is prepared.
The purpose of this trial balance is to prove the equality of the permanent (balance sheet) account balances that are carried forward into the next accounting period.

21. Post - Closing Trial Balance
The post-closing trial balance is prepared from the permanent accounts in the ledger.
The post-closing trial balance provides evidence that the journalizing and posting of closing entries has been properly completed.

22. Steps in the Accounting Cycle
1. Source Documents:
Analyse Transactions
9. Prepare post-closing trial balance
2. Journalize the transactions
3. Post to ledger accounts
8. Journalize and post closing entries
4. Prepare a trial balance
7. Prepare financial statements
5. Journalize and post adjusting entries
6. Prepare adjusted trial balance