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Taxonomy of Wood Products Solid Wood Products
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Wood Products Taxonomy
Composites Solid Wood Pulp and Paper Panels Engineered Lumber Softwood Wood/Non-wood Wood Based Wood/Cement Wood/Plastic Particleboard MDF Plywood OSB LVL OSL Glulam Hardwood Treated Glued Finger joined Edge glued Pulp Paper Mechanical Chemical Boards Dimension Timber MSR Engineered Wood Products I-Beams Trusses CLT Secondary Wood Products Furniture Millwork & Factory-built Housing Windows & Doors Cabinets
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Wood Products Taxonomy
Composites Solid Wood Pulp and Paper Panels Engineered Lumber Softwood Wood/Non-wood Wood Based Wood/Cement Wood/Plastic Particleboard MDF Plywood OSB LVL OSL Glulam Hardwood Treated Glued Finger joined Edge glued Pulp Paper Mechanical Chemical Boards Dimension Timber MSR Engineered Wood Products I-Beams Trusses CLT Secondary Wood Products Furniture Millwork & Factory-built Housing Windows & Doors Cabinets
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Dimension Lumber “2 by 4”, “2 by 6”, “2 by 8” construction lumber
Majority of lumber produced in North America Production grew approx. 1.4% p.a. from Bulk commodity product with little specialization Used mainly in residential construction
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Dimension lumber - sizes
4.0” 3.7” 3.5” 2.0” 1.7” 1.5” Rough sawn After drying After planing (“nominal” size) (actual size) “Two by four”
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Dimension Lumber - sizes
Thickness – increments of 2 inches Width – increments of 2 inches Length – increments of 2 feet Softwood lumber pricing (US$/MBF) Product Length (ft) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 x 4 215 245 240 270 260 2 x 6 235 265 2 x 8 220 255 275 290 2 x 10 195 200 300 315 Premiums for larger cross-section dimensions and lengths.
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Dimension Lumber
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Dimension Lumber Majority of production sold in US
SPF species group (Spruce - Pine – Fir)
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Softwood Boards Non-structural, finished product
BC Wood Specialties Non-structural, finished product 1” thick material, 2” width increments, 2’ length increments Markets are: export, industrial, home centres
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Softwood boards Canadian softwood board species Wall panelling
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Softwood boards Furniture Decorative panelling
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Timber Minimum dimensions 5.5” High value product
Majority goes to export markets Production is decreasing
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Timber Post and beam construction
Architectural value as well as structural role Higher value product than smaller dimensions ($/m3)
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Timber http://www.flickr.com/photos/monahan/3083747492/
Danzaland, Flickr 100_9859, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
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Solid softwood lumber – species
Boards Dimension lumber Timber Spruce SPF Douglas-fir Douglas-fir Douglas-fir Hemlock Pines Hemlock Hemlock Cedars
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Machine Stress Rated Lumber
Lumber is graded by machine rather than manually Uses non-destructive measurement of stiffness to predict strength of lumber pieces Structural end-uses Value-added lumber product Trusses are large market
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Bending test Load Deflection Maximum load Modulus of Rupture
MOR “strength” Load Linear portion of curve Modulus of Elasticity MOE “stiffness” Deflection
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MOE – MOR relationship MOR “strength” MOE “stiffness” MOR predicted x
MOE measured MOE “stiffness”
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Machine Stress Rated Lumber
Rollers Sensor Load cell Lumber
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MSR lumber in roof trusses
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Wood Products Taxonomy
Composites Solid Wood Pulp and Paper Panels Engineered Lumber Softwood Wood/Non-wood Wood Based Wood/Cement Wood/Plastic Particleboard MDF Plywood OSB LVL OSL Glulam Hardwood Treated Glued Finger joined Edge glued Pulp Paper Mechanical Chemical Boards Dimension Timber MSR Engineered Wood Products I-Beams Trusses CLT Secondary Wood Products Furniture Millwork & Factory-built Housing Windows & Doors Cabinets
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Short lengths Longer lengths
e.g. dimension lumber trim ends
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Removal of defects defect, e.g. knots Butt joint (end grain)
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Finger Joined Lumber Longer lengths produced from shorter stock
Allow defects to be reduced End-to-end joints via side-grain gluing
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Finger Jointed Lumber BC Wood Specialties Structural or non-structural joints can be made Longer fingers → greater strengths Increased dimensional stability in resulting piece Utilized in lumber, glulam, I-beams
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Finger joints Narrower edge Wider face
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Dimensional stability of finger joined lumber
Warping tendency of any one piece is randomized in its location in finger-joined lumber and resulting piece is more dimensionally stable.
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Edge-glued Panels Edge-lamination of wood
Greater widths from narrow material Dimensionally stable-panel produced Industrial and finished retail products
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Wood dryng defects Tangential shrinkage > Radial shrinkage
Natural tendency to “cup” Cupping is greater in wider pieces of wood
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Dimensional stability of edge-glued panels
Randomization of end grain patterns Less likely to cup
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Edge-glued panels
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Wood Products Taxonomy
Composites Solid Wood Pulp and Paper Panels Engineered Lumber Softwood Wood/Non-wood Wood Based Wood/Cement Wood/Plastic Particleboard MDF Plywood OSB LVL OSL Glulam Hardwood Treated Glued Finger joined Edge glued Pulp Paper Mechanical Chemical Boards Dimension Timber MSR Engineered Wood Products I-Beams Trusses CLT Secondary Wood Products Furniture Millwork & Factory-built Housing Windows & Doors Cabinets
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Treated Wood Preserves the wood against fungal degradation
For wood used in external conditions Effectively poisons the wood Chemical agent is either water-borne or oil-borne Usually introduced into wood using pressure treatment
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Treated Wood Examples of preservatives
Creosote Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) Ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ)
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Treated Wood Pressure treatment vessels
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Treated Wood Examples of preservative use
Creosote Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
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Treated Wood Examples of preservative use
CCA ACQ
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Pressure-treated Wood
Non-incised lumber Incised lumber The retention of wood preservatives in wood species which do not readily abosrb the preservative chemical can be enhanced by incising the wood.
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Wood Products Taxonomy
Composites Solid Wood Pulp and Paper Panels Engineered Lumber Softwood Wood/Non-wood Wood Based Wood/Cement Wood/Plastic Particleboard MDF Plywood OSB LVL OSL Glulam Hardwood Treated Glued Finger joined Edge glued Pulp Paper Mechanical Chemical Boards Dimension Timber MSR Engineered Wood Products I-Beams Trusses CLT Secondary Wood Products Furniture Millwork & Factory-built Housing Windows & Doors Cabinets
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Hardwood Lumber Visual appearance of lumber is key
Used for decorative and architectural purposes rather than structural products Flooring, trim & molding, joinery, cabinets, furniture
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Hardwood Lumber
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Hardwood Lumber Grading system based on cutting high quality boards from rough lumber. Thickness – usually 1 inch (but also other thicknesses) Width – random widths Length – increments of 1 foot
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Lumber Grading Softwood vs. Harwoods
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Lumber Grading - softwoods
Softwood grading considers that the piece of lumber will be used as it stands and will not undergo subsequent reprocessing. Therefore the greatest defect in the piece decides the grade of that piece of lumber.
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Lumber Grading - harwoods
Hardwood boards are graded on the amount of clear (defect-free) wood that can be obtained after the removal of defects. The boards are either “ripped” along the grain, or “chopped” across the grain to produce smaller, clear pieces are called “cuttings”. Cuttings are then used in the production of other items such as edge-glued panels or furniture.
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Solid softwood lumber Dimension Lumber Timber Boards
Machine Stress Rated Lumber
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Other solid lumber products
Edge-glued Panels Finger Jointed lumber Treated Wood Hardwood
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