1. Monopoly ECO 230 J.F. O’Connor

2. Market Structure Perfect Competition –participants act as price takers and cannot by individual behavior affect market outcome Imperfect Competition –An individual firm has some degree of control over the price for its good –If it increases price, it does not lose all its customers

3. Forms of Imperfect Competition Monopoly –A firm that’s the only supplier of a unique product with no close substitutes Oligopolist –A firm that produces a product for which only a few rival firms produce close substitutes Monopolistically competitive firm –One of a large number of firms that produce slightly differentiated products that are reasonably close substitutes for one another

4. Understanding Monopoly Bases for monopoly Profit maximization for a monopolist Social efficiency of monopoly Regulation of monopoly Pricing strategies

5. Bases for Monopoly Economies to scale relative to the size of the market Transmission and transportation networks Control of an input Patent Copyright Exclusive franchise from government Legal cartel

6. Examples of Monopoly One grocery store, one bakery or a funeral home in a small town Telephone, electricity, water firm Alcoa, Picasso, Drugs, Roundup Stephen King Pepsi on campus Baseball

7. Returns to Scale Constant returns to scale –When all inputs are changed by a given proportion and output changes by the same proportion Increasing returns to scale –When all inputs are changed by a given proportion and output changes by a higher proportion –Also know as Economies of Scale

8. Economies of Scale With Economies of Scale –Average total cost of production falls as output increases –There are high start-up costs –There are low marginal costs

9. Profit Maximization Key is to understand that under simple monopoly, where there is one price for all units, selling an additional unit requires lowering the price of all units sold. Therefore, marginal revenue (MB of selling another unit) is less than the price received for the unit. A monopolist faces the market demand curve.

10. Profit Maximization AK Water Co. has a monopoly on the supply in a region Fixed cost is $20 Average variable cost is $4 per unit and therefore, MC =$4 Problem is to decide on the profit maximizing level of output

11. Revenue,Cost, & Profit

12. Profit Maximizing Output Looking at the table, TR is price time quantity, TC is Total Variable Cost + FC, and Profit is TR – TC. At output of 4, profit is a maximum, $12. Total revenue and total cost are are graphed in the next slide. Profit at any given level of output is the vertical difference between the two, which is greatest at output of 4.

13. Total Revenue and Cost

14. Instead of looking at total revenue and total cost, one can look at profit maximization in per unit terms. Compare addition to revenue (MR) with addition to cost (MC) from changing output. Marginal Analysis

15. Per Unit Data

16. Average and Marginal Revenue

17. Unit Curves

18. Profit Maximizing Conditions Find the output at which marginal revenue = marginal cost On the demand curve, find the price at which the output can be sold. Check to see that P is greater than AVC Compute economic profit, [P-ATC(q)]q

19. Some Comments Having a monopoly allows you to set price but not quantity. Buyers decide on quantity. A monopoly does not guarantee an economic profit or even covering of variable costs. Note that many patents have never been exercised. Some monopolists have positively sloped marginal cost curves (see text)

20. Social Inefficiency of Monopoly One condition for an efficient allocation of resources is that the valuation of the marginal unit to the consumer (price) equal the opportunity cost of producing it (marginal cost) Under monopoly, P> MR=MC. Hence the allocation is socially inefficient. In our example, the value of the marginal unit is $12 while the marginal cost is only $4.

21. The Social Cost of Monopoly We can use our graph to measure the social cost or deadweight loss because of monopoly The socially efficient outcome is 8 units at a price of $4, Price = MC The social cost is the area under the demand curve from 4 to 8 units and above the MC, namely,.5(12-4)(8-4) = $16

22. Measuring the Social Cost of Monopoly

23. Why Do We Grant Monopoly? To take advantage of economies of scale To encourage innovation in art, science, and literature In return for granting a monopoly that takes advantage of economies to scale, society reserves the right to regulate the price charged by the monopolist.

24. Regulation of Monopoly Socially Efficient Regulation –Set a price ceiling at AR=MC and pay a lump- sum subsidy to the monopolist to ensure zero economic profit. Fair Rate of Return Regulation –Set a price ceiling where AR=ATC. This ensures zero economic profit but output is less than socially efficient. It may be close enough. Public Ownership

25. Current Developments Electricity, natural gas, telephone, cable Airlines Privatization of state monopolies

26. Price Discrimination A monopolist can sometimes increase profit by charging different prices to different customers or for different units. Charging different prices for the same good is called price discrimination. Price discrimination is illegal in the U.S.!

27. Kinds of Price Discrimination Third degree – separate buyers into two or more markets. E.g. movie theaters, ailines Quantity discounts – electric utility Perfect or first degree price discrimination – charge the reservation price for each unit -

28. Third Degree Firm produces a product with essentially zero marginal cost Two possible markets, one high priced, one low priced

29. One Price

30. If the firm charges one price for all units, it will maximize total revenue, and in this case, profit by selling 2,000 units at $20 per unit. Note that it does not sell in the second market. If the buyers can be separated, it could sell another 2,000 in the second market at $5 and add $10,000 to revenue and profit.