1. World War II 1939-1945 Mr. Hardy’s Class 7 th Grade Humanities Randolph Middle School

2. THE LEGACY OF WWI

3. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES – JUNE 28, 1919 THE BIG THREE GEORGE CLEMENCEAU – FRENCH PREMIER 1) HATES GERMANY - WANTS TO CRIPPLE THEM SO THEY CAN NEVER AGAIN ATTACK FRANCE 2) WANTS A BINDING MILITARY ALLIANCE BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN, THE U.S.A., AND FRANCE 3) HOLDS A VERY LOW OPINION OF THE IDEALISTIC WOODROW WILSON

4. WOODROW WILSON – AMERICAN PRESIDENT 1)THE MOST IDEALISTIC OF THE THREE. 2) DOES NOT WANT TO PUNISH GERMANY 3) WANTS UNIVERSAL DISARMAMENT, FREE TRADE, THE RIGHTS OF ALL PEOPLE TO SELF- GOVERNMENT 4) BELIEVES THE U.S. HAS A DUTY TO LEAD THE WORLD IN TO AN ERA OF WORLD PEACE AND DEMOCRACY THE LEGACY OF WWI

5. DAVID LLOYD GEORGE – BRITISH PRIME MINISTER 1)AT THE START OF THE NEGOTIATIONS, HE WANTED TO PUNISH GERMANY, BUT CHANGED HIS MIND. 2)HE SAW HIS ROLE AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN THE HARSH POLICIES OF CLEMENCEAU AND THE LENIENT ONES OF WILSON. 3)HE FELT THE TREATY WAS TOO HARSH AND THAT GERMANY WOULD BE UNABLE TO PAY THE REPARATIONS. THE LEGACY OF WWI

6. “I THINK I DID AS WELL AS MIGHT BE EXPECTED, SEATED AS I WAS BETWEEN JESUS CHRIST AND NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.” David Lloyd George

7. The Main Terms of the Treaty 1)Germany had to admit guilt in starting the war. 2)Germany lost territory to France, Belgium, Denmark, the revived nation of Poland, and all overseas colonies. 3) French troops would be stationed in part of Germany for 15 years. 4)No tanks, war planes, heavy artillery, large ships or submarines were allowed. 5)Germany was to pay $5 billion in cash immediately, and $33 billion in gold over the next 66 years. THE LEGACY OF WWI

8. GERMANS REACTED TO THE TREATY WITH HOSTILITY THE LEGACY OF WWI MOST GERMANS DID NOT CONSIDER THAT THEY HAD LOST THE WAR, SINCE GERMANY HAD NOT BEEN INVADED, THERE WAS NO DESTRUCTION IN GERMANY, AND THEY STILL CONTROLLED PARTS OF FRANCE. THEY CONSIDERED THE TREATY EXTREMELY UNFAIR AND DEGRADING. THEY FELT LIKE THEY HAD NOT BEEN DEFEATED, BUT “STABBED IN THE BACK” BY REPUBLICAN POLITICIANS. GERMANS BELIEVED THE WAR GUILT CLAUSE WAS A TOTAL DISTORTION OF REALITY. THEY FELT THEY HAD NOT BEEN THE AGGRESSOR, BUT HAD BEEN DEFENDING THEMSELVES FROM BEING SURROUNDED BY THE ALLIES. GERMANY’S NEW REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT ACCEPTED THE TREATY BECAUSE THEY HAD NO CHOICE.

9. THE WAR DESTROYED EUROPE’S ECONOMY – MOST COUNTRIES WERE BANKRUPT OR IN DEBT. DURING THE 1920’S EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD A DIFFICULT TIME REBUILDING AND GAINING BACK THEIR SHARES OF THE WORLD MARKET. GERMANY COULD NOT PAY THE REPARATIONS AND PRINTED PAPER MONEY TO PAY IT, CAUSING THE GREATEST INFLATION THE WORLD HAS EVER SEEN. IN 1929 THE ALLIES REDUCED THE TOTAL PAYMENT TO $9 BILLION, BUT LOANED GERMANY MORE MONEY THAN GERMANY EVER PAID. THE LEGACY OF WWI

10. THE WAR REPARATIONS CAUSED HYPERINFLATION IN GERMANY. 1914- $1.00 = 4.2 GERMAN MARKS. 1923- $1.00 = 4,200,000,000,000 GERMAN MARKS! A GERMAN WOMAN HEATING HER HOME, BY BURNING MONEY.

11. THE RISE OF THE DICTATORS BY 1938 – ALMOST ALL OF THE WORLDS DEMOCRACIES ESTABLISHED AFTER WWI, HAD BECOME TOTALITARIAN STATES OR DICTATORSHIPS. THE MAIN REASONS WERE: 1) THE ECOMONIC CHAOS RESULTING FROM WWI AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION OF THE 1930s. DISSILLUSIONMENT OVER THE WAR AND PEACE SETTLEMENT

12. BENITO MUSSOLINI SON OF A POOR BLACKSMITH, MUSSOLINI HATED THE CATHOLIC CLERGY, THE UPPER CLASS, SOCIALISTS, AND THE WEAK ITALIAN GOVERNMENT AFTER WWI. AFTER WWI, MUSSOLINI STARTED HIS OWN POLITICAL PARTY OF ARMED THUGS, KNOWN AS THE FASCISTS. THEY WERE EXTREME NATIONALISTS, WHO WANTED TO RESTORE ITALY TO THE GLORY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. BY 1926, MUSSOLINI HAD CREATED A ONE PARTY DICTATORSHIP IN ITALY. THE FASCISTS WERE ARMED THUGS, BUT WERE GENERALLY ACCEPTED BY THE ITALIAN POPULACE BY THE 1930. MUSSOLINI WAS VERY POPULAR WITH MANY ITALIANS, BECAUSE HE RESTORED THE ITALIAN ECONOMY, CREATED LAND REFORMS, HELPED THE POOR, BUILT UP THE ITALIAN MILITARY, REINSTATED LAW AND ORDER, AND DEVELOPED A HIGHLY NATIONALISTIC SENSE OF PRIDE IN ITALIANS.

13. THOUGH A FASCIST DICTATOR, MUSSOLINI PRESERVED MUCH OF THE PREVIOUS ITALIAN STATE – THE MONARCHY, THE CATHOLIC CHURCH, AND CAPITALISM. BENITO MUSSOLINI

14. JAPAN ALTHOUGH RULED BY AN EMPEROR, JAPAN’S MILITARY BECAME STRONGER THAN THE GOVERNMENT AFTER JAPAN DEFEATED RUSSIA IN THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR OF 1904-1905. THE MILITARY ENCOURGAGED THE SHINTO RELIGION THAT REGARDED THE EMPEROR AS A GOD.

15. THE MILITARY BEGAN TO RUN THE GOVERNMENT WITH OR WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE EMPORER. THE GREAT DEPRESSION CAUSED SEVERE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN JAPAN. THE MILITARY SAW THE EXPANSION OF JAPAN THROUGHOUT ASIA, AS THE SOLUTION FOR THEIR ECONOMY. THEY INVADED CHINA IN 1931. THE JAPANESE MILITARY WAS GOVERNED BY THE ANCIENT BUSHIDO CODE, WHICH TAUGHT THAT JAPANESE WARRIORS WERE RACIALLY SUPERIOR TO EVERYONE ELSE. THE BUSHIDO CODE CAUSED THE JAPANESE MILITARY TO BE IRRATIONAL IN THEIR OUTLOOK AND WOULD TAKE ACTION REGARDLESS OF THE STRENGTH OF THEIR FORCES OR THE CONSEQUENCES. JAPAN

16. ALTHOUGH TECHNICALLY A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY, THE EMPEROR WAS REALLY JUST A FIGUREHEAD. IN REALITY, JAPAN WAS A MILITARY DICTATORSHIP RUN BY MILITARY OFFICERS. THE MOST POWERFULL WAS HIDEKO TOJO. JAPAN

17. Vladimir Lenin leads to Stalin Founder of the Bolshevik Party- “Peace, Land, Bread” Became a Marxist follower in college and led the way for Marxism in Russia – No capitalism, economic equality among the people Took over the Russian government in November of 1917 by capturing the Czar and the royal family. Civil War covered the country for years until Lenin and the Communist fully controlled Russia

18. Joseph Stalin Lenin died in 1924, leaving leadership open Stalin took control of the Soviet Union in the late 1920’s Wished to make the Soviet Union an industrial power – Created the Five Year Plan (create an industrial nation completely controlled by the government = collectivization)

19. ADOLF HITLER BORN IN AUSTRIA IN 1889, THE SON OF A MINOR CUSTOMS OFFICIAL. 1913 HE MOVED TO GERMANY AND JOINED THE GERMANY ARMY IN 1914. HE WAS DECORATED FIVE TIMES IN THE WAR AND WOUNDED TWICE. HE WAS RECOVERING IN A HOSPITAL WHEN GERMANY SURRENDERED. HE WAS VERY BITTER ABOUT THE SURRENDER.

20. ADOLF HITLER HITLER WAS AN OPPORTUNIST AND EXTREME LIAR. HE PLACED MUCH OF THE BLAME FOR GERMANY’S SURRENDER ON JEWS IN THE NEW REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT, WHO HE FELT, “STABBED GERMANY IN THE BACK.” HITLER JOINED THE NAZI PARTY IN 1919, AND BY 1921 HE HAD BEEN VOTED LEADER OF THE PARTY.

21. THE NAZIS WERE CHARACTERIZED BY 1)VIOLENT NATIONALISM 2)EXTREME HATRED OF JEWS 3)EXTREME HATRED OF COMMUNISM 4)EXTREME HATRED OF THE GERMAN REPUBLIC 5)ARMED PARAMILITARY THUGS. ADOLF HITLER

22. BY 1932 THE NAZI PARTY WAS THE LARGEST POLITICAL PARTY IN GERMANY. IN 1933 HITLER WAS APPOINTED CHANCELLOR OF THE GERMAN REICHSTAG, OR PARLIAMENT. BY 1934 THE NAZIS HAD REDUCED GERMANY TO A ONE PARTY STATE, WITH HITLER AT THE HEAD. ADOLF HITLER

23. TAKE A QUIZ RATE THESE ON A SCALE OF 1 TO 5 WITH 1 BEING I DISAGREE STRONGLY, AND 5 I AGREE STRONGLY. 1. MY COUNTRY IS BETTER THAN ANY OTHER NATION. 2. A GOVERNMENT WITH ONE POLITICAL PARTY IS BETTER THAN A GOVERNMENT WITH MANY PARTIES. 3. FREEDOM OF RELIGION IS FINE, AS LONG AS THE RELIGIONS ARE NOT TOO STRANGE. 4. I AM MUCH MORE COMFORTABLE WITH PEOPLE WHO LOOK LIKE I DO, AND THINK LIKE I DO. 5. HISTORY HAS SHOWN THAT SOME RACES ARE JUST SUPERIOR TO OTHERS. 6. CONFLICT AMONG SOCIAL CLASSES SHOULD BE RESOLVED TO SECURE NATIONAL SOLIDARITY. 7.SOME IDEAS ARE SO DANGEROUS THEY SHOULD BE SUPPRESSED. 8. VIOLENCE IS A FACT OF LIFE THAT IS A NECESSARY MEANS TO ACHIEVE HUMAN PROGRESS. 9. JUDAISM IS A RACE, NOT A RELIGION. 10. LAW AND ORDER ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUAL PEOPLE. 11. I WOULD LIKE TO BELONG TO A POLITICAL PARTY THAT HAD MILITARY STYLE UNIFORMS AND WEAPONS. 12. IF YOU TELL A BIG ENOUGH LIE AND TELL IT FREQUENTLY ENOUGH, IT WILL BE BELIEVED. 13. THERE IS ONLY ONE GOD, AND EVERYBODY SHOULD WORSHIP HIM. 14. CERTAIN TYPES OF ART ARE TOO STRANGE AND SHOULD NOT BE DISPLAYED. 15. IT IS OK TO BURN BOOKS IF THEY CONTAIN BAD OR DANGEROUS IDEAS. 16. YOU SHOULD BE WILLING TO GIVE YOUR LIFE TO YOUR COUNTRY IF IT ASKS YOU TOO. 17. MY ANCESTORY, CULTURE, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY, ARE MORE IMPORTANT THAN MY INDIVIDUALITY. 18. CHANGE COMES ABOUT BETTER FROM A REALLY STRONG LEADER, THAN GRADUAL REFORM. 19. PAINTINGS SHOULD LOOK REALISTIC, FOR EXAMPLE THE SKY SHOULDN’T BE GREEN AND THE GRASS BLUE. 20. THE STATE SHOULD REGULATE THE ECONOMY FOR THE GOOD OF THE NATION.