1. twist & writhe of kink-unstable magnetic flux ropes I flux rope: helicity sum of twist and writhe: kink instability: twist  and writhe  (sum is constant) twist and writhe often confused: twist = winding of field lines about flux rope axis writhe = winding (kinking) of rope itself aim: first study of twist & writhe evolution during instability

2. twist & writhe of kink-unstable magnetic flux ropes II helicity cannot be measured (coronal field not known) observational problems: twist: measure from helical fine structures (difficult) writhe: measure from sigmoidal shape (not done yet) problems with writhe: difficult to compute (Mitch will help): we have only 2D observations (STEREO will help) so far: 2D integral; now: 1D integral (Berger & Prior, submitted)

3. twist & writhe of kink-unstable magnetic flux ropes III possible application: measure writhe from 2D observations writhe = local writhe + non-local writhe non-local writhe depends only on angle between tangent at apex and line connecting the footpoints of filament/sigmoid local writhe depends also on apex height (unknown, but can be estimated)

4. twist & writhe of kink-unstable magnetic flux ropes IV I study evolution twist & writhe in different numerical configurations

5. twist & writhe of kink-unstable magnetic flux ropes V confinedejective writhe  0.5  twist of  1 pi converted during instability non-local writhe dominates for greater heights

6. transient soft X-ray Sigmoids I 1997 May 12 forward or backward S-shape (indicator of helicity) brighten at start of eruption; often “transition” to cusp what are Sigmoids ?  kink-unstable flux ropes (Rust & Kumar 1996, Török & Kliem 2003)  “current sheets” (Titov & Démoulin 1999; Low & Berger 2003)  field lines sheared by photospheric motions (Aulanier et al. 2005)

7. transient soft X-ray Sigmoids II numerical simulations suggest “current sheet model” because kinking flux rope has the wrong sigmoidal shape how to confirm: find event with simultaneous observations of Sigmoid and (kinking) filament eruption study of temporal relation Sigmoid — flare also planned … Kliem et al. 2004 Fan & Gibson 2003

8. bipolar / quadrupolar active region eruptions I Vršnak et al., 2005 (statistical study of CME kinematics): indicates that two classes of CMEs do not exist but: flare CMEs on average faster than non/weak-flare CMEs strongest flares occur in quadrupolar or delta-spot active regions  CME from quadrupolar AR faster than from bipolar AR ? 2 CME classes: impulsive (active region; fast & strong acc.; flare) gradual (quiet Sun; slow & weak acc.; prominence)

9. bipolar / quadrupolar active region eruptions II quadrupolar AR: faster CME ?bipolar AR: slower CME ?

10. bipolar / quadrupolar active region eruptions III  from torus instability we expect faster and stronger acceleration of flux rope in quadrupolar AR Kliem & Török, in preparation  faster CMEs quadrupolar field drops faster with height than bipolar field different configurations …

11. bipolar / quadrupolar active region eruptions IV “quadrupolar CME” faster (n=3.44 in right plot) continuum of acceleration profiles for different overlying fields 2 CME classes do not exist ! relation to flare strength ?

12. flare / CME – relationship I Zhang et al. 2001 observation: close correlation between CME velocity and soft X-ray flux

13. flare / CME – relationship II reconnection in CS (flare) and instability (CME) closely coupled instability drives eruption (flux rope velocity always higher than upward directed reconnection outflow !) vertical current sheet (CS) formed behind erupting flux rope to be done: reconnection rate & light curve (how ?)

14. nearly constant loop cross sections I observed loop expansion factors as low as 1.1 – 1.3 in both soft X-ray and EUV (for both non-flare and post-flare loops). cannot be explained with potential or sheared force-free fields are such loops highly twisted?

15. nearly constant loop cross sections II Klimchuk et al., 2000 found some constriction, but not sufficiently strong recent lfff extrapolations also find too large expansion factors (Lopez-Fuentes et al., ApJ, accepted) could only consider twists up to one turn (relaxation method)

16. nearly constant loop cross sections III radial force in flux rope (0,B_phi,B_z): 1st term: always constriction 2nd term: constriction or expansion differences to Klimchuk et al., 2000: new twist profile  stronger constriction? photospheric motions  larger twist planned: twist more concentrated Klimchuk et al., 2000

17. nearly constant loop cross sections IV maybe thermal pressure necessary ? (Bellan, 2003) what is the role of temperature / heating ?

18. flux rope extrapolation Valori & Kliem, in preparation non-linear force-free field extrapolation of T&D flux rope model magnetofrictional method  no equation of motion two ropes don’t merge anymore if box height is increased due to lack of full MHD or due to boundary conditions ?

19. partial filament eruptions BPSS carrying filament partly remains after eruption other possible scenarios: “asymmetric” eruption of kink-unstable flux rope flux rope legs reconnect to form new flux rope Gibson et al. 2004; Fan 2005; Gibson & Fan, submitted