1. Hydroelectric Energy Lauren Banta, Camden Miller, Billy Moran, Alex Petkaas, Tori Shinohara, and Meghan West

2. Hydroelectric power  Purpose: use water to create electricity  Has been around since as early as 85 BC  Produces about 15% of the world’s electricity

3. Top Hydroelectric Countries 1992

5. Dams in the US

6. How it Works

7. Economic Performance  Almost all eventually make a short run profit.  Slightly more than half of all dams miss their initial economic return goals.  About one-fifth of the projects achieve less than 75% of the planned power targets.

8. Economic Performance  The average cost overrun of a large dam is 56%, yet variability is high.  On average, one quarter of dams cost less than planned their cost targets while almost three-quarters of the dams produce cost overruns

9. The Causes  Poor development of technical and cost estimates and supervision by sponsors;  Technical problems that arise during construction;  Poor implementation by suppliers and contractors; and  Changes in external conditions (economic and regulatory).

10. Raising Efficiency  Improvements in generation can be achieved by a combination of factors such as adding  new powerhouses to the same reservoir, adding additional turbines, upgrading existing turbine and generation equipment, or optimizing reservoir operations to improve performance.

11. Corruption?  “In the case of developing countries, financial institutions have a preference for „large dams rather than non-structural alternatives. “  “All public financial institutions should immediately establish independent, transparent and participatory reviews of all their planned and ongoing dam projects. While such reviews are taking place, project preparation and construction should be halted.”

12. Silting Over of Dams

13. Problem #1

14. Problem #2 Where’s the silt?.

15. Problem #3

16. Problem #4

17. Sediment fill behind dam in California

18. Problem #5

19. Hazards of Dam Failure (Teton Dam Failure)

20. Reasons for dam failure include :  Negligent operation  Improper maintenance/design  Structural failure  Internal erosion South Fork Dam Failure

21. Results of Dam Failure  Loss of life  Property damage  Hardships for those who rely on reservoir for water or livelihood  Loss of capital investment by owner  Destruction of wildlife habitats  Adverse impacts on ecosystems of the area

22. Some Catastrophic Dam Failures  Johnstown, Pennsylvania (1889)  St. Francis Dam, California (1906)  Buffalo Creek, West Virginia (1972)  Teton Dam, Idaho (1976) St. Francis Dam Disaster

23. Salmon Life Cycle

24. Salmon swimming upstream in Alaska Spawning Sockeye Salmon in the Brooks River Chinook Salmon from Columbia River

25. Fish Ladders  Concrete structures to help fish bypass dams  Not on all dams Goose Dam on lower Columbia River Ladders

26. Spillways.  Way for juvenile fish to bypass down  Decreases O 2 levels in water  Increase CO 2 levels in water Grand Coulee Dam on Columbia River Fish Collection Channel

27. Environmental Changes  Increase in Water Temperature Better habitat for predators McNary Dam on Columbia River Northern Squawfish

28. Before the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam After construction of the Grand Coulee Dam  

29. Three Gorges Dam

30. Micro-hydro power

31.  Micro-Hydroelectric systems have been around since 1970  New technology has made these systems much more useful and efficient  Can operate at 80% efficiency at full load  Power that is produced is more cost effective than any other kind of renewable energy system

32. Power Output & Price  Micro-Hydroelectric systems can usually create an output up to 1kw  These systems range from about $1,500 to $4,000

33. Possible Alternative?  The flow of water is not disrupted from these systems so there is not a problem of fish migration  There is no dam in the water so there is no silting or dam failures  Just need to find a way to use a lot of systems cost effectively in order to produce enough power as a normal Hydroelectric plant would produce

34. Types of Micro-Hydroelectric Systems  There are many different types of Micro- Hydroelectric systems  Here are 3 Micro- Hydro systems from Energy Systems and Design (http://www.microhydropower.com/)

35. How Micro-Hydro Systems Work  Micro-Hydroelectric systems take water from a stream and channel it into a pipeline that creates a vertical drop in order for the water to turn turbines that powers the system

36. More Micro-Hydro Systems  Other micro-hydroelectric systems have water pass through a guide vane assembly which then turns the propeller which is connected to the generator

37. Comparison Coal Energy Coal Energy  Uses Limited Resource  Produces lots of Air Pollution  More expensive San Antonio San Antonio $0.12-$0.15 per kWhr Hydroelectric Energy  Uses Renewable Resource  Does not produce Air Pollution  Less expensive Seattle $0.07-$0.09 per kWhr

38. Conclusion We do support the use of current dam to produce hydroelectric power as opposed to coal-burning, We do support the use of current dam to produce hydroelectric power as opposed to coal-burning, however, however, the trend for the future will probably be small-scale hydro plants that provide energy for small communities the trend for the future will probably be small-scale hydro plants that provide energy for small communities