1. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT

2. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT Bio - Informatics Bioinformatics is a synergistic study of both biotechnology and information technology. Genetic engineering helps the scientist to incorporate a single gene into an organism, a single gene and the synthesize of the desirable product without affecting other genes and their functions. In this way the biological systems or the microbial systems are manipulated.

3. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT BIOINFORMATICS Bioinformatics deals with the creation and maintenance of databases of biological information such as the nucleic acid, gene sequences and protein sequences. It involves the data analysis or creation of electronic databases on genomes and protein molecules.

4. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT Scope of Bioinformatics Bioinformatics helps to create an electronic databases on genomes and protein sequences from single celled organisms to multi-cellular organisms. It provides techniques by which three dimensional models of bio-molecules could be understood along with their structure and function. It integrates mathematical, statistical and computational methods to analyses biological, biochemical data and biophysical data.

5. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT Scope of Bioinformatics Bioinformatics deals with methods for starting, retrieving and analysing biological data such as nucleic acid (DNA /RNA) and protein sequences, structure, functions pathways and genetic interactions. The computational methods in bioinformatics extend information for probing not only at genome level or protein level but up to whole organism level, or ecosystem level of organization. It provides genome level data for understanding normal biological processes and explains the malfunctioning of genes leading to diagnosing of diseases and designing of new drugs.

6. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT Definition of Database Creating database means a coherent collection of data with inherent meaning, used for future application. Database is a general repository of voluminous information or records to be processed by a programme.

7. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT DATABASES SPECIALIZED DATABASES Structural organisation of DNA, protein, carbohydrates Databases of expressed sequences tags, Genome survey sequences, single nucleotide polymorphisms, sequence tagged sites, RNA databases etc. GENERALIZED DATABASES

8. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT GENERALIZED DATABASES SEQUENCE DATABASES STRUCTURE DATABASES Sequence databases are the sequence records of either nucleotides or amino acids Structure databases are the individual records of Macromolecular structures.

9. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT Nucleic acid sequence databases European Molecular Biology laboratory (EMBL). National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). DNA data bank of Japan (DDBJ) are the three premier institutes considered as the authorities in the nucleotide sequence databases. They can be reached at www.ebi.ac.uk/embl (for EMBL) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank (NCBI) www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp (DDBJ )

10. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT Genome Sequencing : The genome of an organism can be split up different sized molecules by a technique called electrophoresis. When DNA of an organism is subjected to electrophoresis they migrate towards the positive electrode because DNA is a negatively charged molecule. Smaller DNA fragments move faster than longer ones. By comparing the distances that the DNA fragments migrate, their number of bases could be distinguished. The sequence of bases in the DNA fragments can be identified by chemical / biochemical methods. Nowadays automated sequencing machines called SEUENATORS are developed to read hundreds of bases in the DNA. the DNA sequence data are then stored in a computer accessible form

11. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT DNA library A DNA library is a collection of DNA fragments, which contains all the sequences of a single organism.

12. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT Uses of bioinformatics It helps to understand gene structure and protein synthesis. It helps to know more about the diseases. It helps to understand more about the fundamental biology and the thread of life – the DNA. It paves the way for the medical and bio engineering applications. It helps to apply the biophysical and bio- technological principles to biological studies. In turn, it will help to design new drugs and new chemical compounds to be used in health and environmental management respectively.

13. From T. MADHAVAN, & K.Chandrasekaran Lecturers in Zoology.. EXIT